http://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&feed=atom&action=historyTeam:Nevada - Revision history2024-03-29T14:59:50ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=234067&oldid=prevJjiang at 01:50, 28 September 20132013-09-28T01:50:38Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{{:Team:Nevada/Templates/header}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{{:Team:Nevada/Templates/header}}</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''''Project Description'''''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Lysesavers</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A recent approach to combating bacterial pathogens takes advantage of naturally occurring virus proteins known as endolysins, which are toxic to specific bacteria. The use of endolysins has no known resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora, making it preferable to antibiotics and harsh chemical treatments. While it has been approved for uses ranging from medicine to food safety, the use of endolysins in agriculture is still an emerging field. Most of the work that has been done using endolysins to fight plant disease focuses on gram-positive bacteria. This is largely due to the fact that gram negative bacteria possess an outer lipid membrane that prevents access to the peptidoglycan layer, which is what endolysins degrade. Our team plans to create antibacterial treatments that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative plant pathogens by developing a method to disrupt the outer membrane and allow endolysins into the periplasmic space. This new method must be less harmful to plants than the current detergents and chaotropes used to permeabalize outer membranes in vitro. We also aim to develop a system that uses dual fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane disruption. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A recent approach to combating bacterial pathogens takes advantage of naturally occurring virus proteins known as endolysins, which are toxic to specific bacteria. The use of endolysins has no known resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora, making it preferable to antibiotics and harsh chemical treatments. While it has been approved for uses ranging from medicine to food safety, the use of endolysins in agriculture is still an emerging field. Most of the work that has been done using endolysins to fight plant disease focuses on gram-positive bacteria. This is largely due to the fact that gram negative bacteria possess an outer lipid membrane that prevents access to the peptidoglycan layer, which is what endolysins degrade. Our team plans to create antibacterial treatments that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative plant pathogens by developing a method to disrupt the outer membrane and allow endolysins into the periplasmic space. This new method must be less harmful to plants than the current detergents and chaotropes used to permeabalize outer membranes in vitro. We also aim to develop a system that uses dual fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane disruption. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jjianghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=195624&oldid=prevJjiang at 03:16, 27 September 20132013-09-27T03:16:18Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{{:Team:Nevada/Templates/header}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{{:Team:Nevada/Templates/header}}</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''''Project Description'''''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''''Project Description'''''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A recent approach to combating bacterial pathogens takes advantage of naturally occurring virus proteins known as endolysins, which are toxic to specific bacteria. The use of endolysins has no known resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora, making it preferable to antibiotics and harsh chemical treatments. While it has been approved for uses ranging from medicine to food safety, the use of endolysins in agriculture is still an emerging field. Most of the work that has been done using endolysins to fight plant disease focuses on gram-positive bacteria. This is largely due to the fact that gram negative bacteria possess an outer lipid membrane that prevents access to the peptidoglycan layer, which is what endolysins degrade. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A recent approach to combating bacterial pathogens takes advantage of naturally occurring virus proteins known as endolysins, which are toxic to specific bacteria. The use of endolysins has no known resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora, making it preferable to antibiotics and harsh chemical treatments. While it has been approved for uses ranging from medicine to food safety, the use of endolysins in agriculture is still an emerging field. Most of the work that has been done using endolysins to fight plant disease focuses on gram-positive bacteria. This is largely due to the fact that gram negative bacteria possess an outer lipid membrane that prevents access to the peptidoglycan layer, which is what endolysins degrade. Our team plans to create antibacterial treatments that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative plant pathogens by developing a method to disrupt the outer membrane and allow endolysins into the periplasmic space. This new method must be less harmful to plants than the current detergents and chaotropes used to permeabalize outer membranes in vitro. We also aim to develop a system that uses dual fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane disruption. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Our team plans to create antibacterial treatments that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative plant pathogens by developing a method to disrupt the outer membrane and allow endolysins into the periplasmic space. This new method must be less harmful to plants than the current detergents and chaotropes used to permeabalize outer membranes in vitro. We also aim to develop a system that uses dual fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane disruption. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
</table>Jjianghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=194526&oldid=prevJjiang at 01:57, 27 September 20132013-09-27T01:57:51Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|[[Image:Nevada_logo.png|200px|right|frame]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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</table>Jjianghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=194489&oldid=prevJjiang at 01:55, 27 September 20132013-09-27T01:55:03Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{:Team:Nevada/Templates/header}}</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|''Page currently under construction! [:''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A recent approach to combating bacterial pathogens takes advantage of naturally occurring virus proteins known as endolysins, which are toxic to specific bacteria. The use of endolysins has no known resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora, making it preferable to antibiotics and harsh chemical treatments. While it has been approved for uses ranging from medicine to food safety, the use of endolysins in agriculture is still an emerging field. Most of the work that has been done using endolysins to fight plant disease focuses on gram-positive bacteria. This is largely due to the fact that gram negative bacteria possess an outer lipid membrane that prevents access to the peptidoglycan layer, which is what endolysins degrade. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A recent approach to combating bacterial pathogens takes advantage of naturally occurring virus proteins known as endolysins, which are toxic to specific bacteria. The use of endolysins has no known resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora, making it preferable to antibiotics and harsh chemical treatments. While it has been approved for uses ranging from medicine to food safety, the use of endolysins in agriculture is still an emerging field. Most of the work that has been done using endolysins to fight plant disease focuses on gram-positive bacteria. This is largely due to the fact that gram negative bacteria possess an outer lipid membrane that prevents access to the peptidoglycan layer, which is what endolysins degrade. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Our team plans to create antibacterial treatments that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative plant pathogens by developing a method to disrupt the outer membrane and allow endolysins into the periplasmic space. This new method must be less harmful to plants than the current detergents and chaotropes used to permeabalize outer membranes in vitro. We also aim to develop a system that uses dual fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane disruption. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Our team plans to create antibacterial treatments that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative plant pathogens by developing a method to disrupt the outer membrane and allow endolysins into the periplasmic space. This new method must be less harmful to plants than the current detergents and chaotropes used to permeabalize outer membranes in vitro. We also aim to develop a system that uses dual fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane disruption. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|align="center"|[[Team:Nevada | Team Nevada]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><!--- The Mission, Experiments ---></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[[Team:Nevada|Home]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[[Team:Nevada/Team|Team]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[https://igem.org/Team.cgi?year=2013&team_name=Nevada Official Team Profile]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[[Team:Nevada/Project|Project]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[[Team:Nevada/Parts|Parts Submitted to the Registry]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[[Team:Nevada/Modeling|Modeling]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[[Team:Nevada/Notebook|Notebook]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[[Team:Nevada/Safety|Safety]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">!align="center"|[[Team:Nevada/Attributions|Attributions]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jjianghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=64640&oldid=prevDordonez at 23:55, 9 August 20132013-08-09T23:55:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A recent approach to combating bacterial pathogens takes advantage of naturally occurring virus proteins known as endolysins, which are toxic to specific bacteria. The use of endolysins has no known resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora, making it preferable to antibiotics and harsh chemical treatments. While it has been approved for uses ranging from medicine to food safety, the use of endolysins in agriculture is still an emerging field. Most of the work that has been done using endolysins to fight plant disease focuses on gram-positive bacteria. This is largely due to the fact that gram negative bacteria possess an outer lipid membrane that prevents access to the peptidoglycan layer, which is what endolysins degrade. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our team plans to create antibacterial treatments that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative plant pathogens by developing a method to disrupt the outer membrane and allow endolysins into the periplasmic space. This new method must be less harmful to plants than the current detergents and chaotropes used to permeabalize outer membranes in vitro. We also aim to develop a system that uses dual fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane disruption. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins. </ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Dordonezhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=62938&oldid=prevCjhoward at 05:03, 9 August 20132013-08-09T05:03:53Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Current methods of treating bacterial pathogens in both plant and animal systems all have their disadvantages. For instance, popular methods for controlling diseases in major crop plants include the use of antibiotics, harsh chemical treatments such as copper sprays, and complete removal of infected plants. An increasing number of deleterious bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the case of pathogens such as ''Erwinia amylovora'', which targets members of the ''Rosaceae'' family such pear and apple trees, bacteria have also been shown to develop resistance to chemical treatments.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A more recent approach to combating bacterial disease takes advantage of naturally occurring viruses that are toxic to the specific bacteria which are targeted as hosts for lysis. Bacteriophage technology has been approved for uses ranging from agriculture to food safety, possessing advantages over other treatments including a lack of resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora. However, there are still concerns about the use of phages as antibacterial treatments including the possible immunogenic effects of using self-replicating biological agents that can potentially evolve; the low virulence of many phages due to poor adsorption properties, poor replication characteristics, etc.; and the very narrow host range of all bacteriophages.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">To address these disadvantages, our team plans to develop an antibacterial treatment that uses only the phage proteins involved in bacterial cell wall degradation rather than the entire phage. It has been demonstrated that these muralytic enzymes known as endolysins can lyse specific bacterial cells when applied as a purified protein product. The target range of several endolysins that target gram-negative bacteria has also been broadened through the use of chemicals that degrade the outer lipid membrane, allowing the endolysins to attack the peptidoglycan layer, which is highly conserved across most gram-negative bacteria. </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our project aims to create bactericides that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative pathogens by coupling purified endolysins with a method of permeabalizing the outer membrane of target bacterial cells that is less harmful than the detergents and chaotropes typically used ''in vitro.'' We will also develop a system that uses fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane permeabilization. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, which focuses on three endolysins which naturally target ''E. amylovora'', ''Xanthamonas campestris'', or ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|[[Image:Nevada_team.png|right|frame|Your team picture]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|[[Image:Nevada_team.png|right|frame|Your team picture]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Cjhowardhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=62340&oldid=prevJjiang at 21:45, 8 August 20132013-08-08T21:45:08Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Current methods of treating bacterial pathogens in both plant and animal systems all have their disadvantages. For instance, popular methods for controlling diseases in major crop plants include the use of antibiotics, harsh chemical treatments such as copper sprays, and complete removal of infected plants. An increasing number of deleterious bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the case of pathogens such as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Erwinia amylovora<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>, which targets members of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Rosaceae<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">" </del>family such pear and apple trees, bacteria have also been shown to develop resistance to chemical treatments.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Current methods of treating bacterial pathogens in both plant and animal systems all have their disadvantages. For instance, popular methods for controlling diseases in major crop plants include the use of antibiotics, harsh chemical treatments such as copper sprays, and complete removal of infected plants. An increasing number of deleterious bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the case of pathogens such as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Erwinia amylovora<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, which targets members of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Rosaceae<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>family such pear and apple trees, bacteria have also been shown to develop resistance to chemical treatments.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A more recent approach to combating bacterial disease takes advantage of naturally occurring viruses that are toxic to the specific bacteria which are targeted as hosts for lysis. Bacteriophage technology has been approved for uses ranging from agriculture to food safety, possessing advantages over other treatments including a lack of resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora. However, there are still concerns about the use of phages as antibacterial treatments including the possible immunogenic effects of using self-replicating biological agents that can potentially evolve; the low virulence of many phages due to poor adsorption properties, poor replication characteristics, etc.; and the very narrow host range of all bacteriophages.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A more recent approach to combating bacterial disease takes advantage of naturally occurring viruses that are toxic to the specific bacteria which are targeted as hosts for lysis. Bacteriophage technology has been approved for uses ranging from agriculture to food safety, possessing advantages over other treatments including a lack of resistance formation and relatively little disruption to native flora. However, there are still concerns about the use of phages as antibacterial treatments including the possible immunogenic effects of using self-replicating biological agents that can potentially evolve; the low virulence of many phages due to poor adsorption properties, poor replication characteristics, etc.; and the very narrow host range of all bacteriophages.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>To address these disadvantages, our team plans to develop an antibacterial treatment that uses only the phage proteins involved in bacterial cell wall degradation rather than the entire phage. It has been demonstrated that these muralytic enzymes known as endolysins can lyse specific bacterial cells when applied as a purified protein product. The target range of several endolysins that target gram-negative bacteria has also been broadened through the use of chemicals that degrade the outer lipid membrane, allowing the endolysins to attack the peptidoglycan layer, which is highly conserved across most gram-negative bacteria. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>To address these disadvantages, our team plans to develop an antibacterial treatment that uses only the phage proteins involved in bacterial cell wall degradation rather than the entire phage. It has been demonstrated that these muralytic enzymes known as endolysins can lyse specific bacterial cells when applied as a purified protein product. The target range of several endolysins that target gram-negative bacteria has also been broadened through the use of chemicals that degrade the outer lipid membrane, allowing the endolysins to attack the peptidoglycan layer, which is highly conserved across most gram-negative bacteria. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Our project aims to create bactericides that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative pathogens by coupling purified endolysins with a method of permeabalizing the outer membrane of target bacterial cells that is less harmful than the detergents and chaotropes typically used <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>in vitro.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">" </del> We will also develop a system that uses fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane permeabilization. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, which focuses on three endolysins which naturally target <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>E. amylovora<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Xanthamonas campestris<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>, or <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Our project aims to create bactericides that can effectively control a wide range of gram-negative pathogens by coupling purified endolysins with a method of permeabalizing the outer membrane of target bacterial cells that is less harmful than the detergents and chaotropes typically used <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>in vitro.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins> We will also develop a system that uses fluorescence to easily detect outer membrane permeabilization. This new system will be critical in ensuring the success of our project, which focuses on three endolysins which naturally target <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>E. amylovora<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Xanthamonas campestris<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, as well as any future studies on the efficacy of gram-negative endolysins.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|[[Image:Nevada_team.png|right|frame|Your team picture]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|[[Image:Nevada_team.png|right|frame|Your team picture]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Jjianghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=62338&oldid=prevJjiang at 21:44, 8 August 20132013-08-08T21:44:25Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</del>''Project Description''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>''Project Description''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Lysesavers: A New Approach to Fighting Bacterial Diseases<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Current methods of treating bacterial pathogens in both plant and animal systems all have their disadvantages. For instance, popular methods for controlling diseases in major crop plants include the use of antibiotics, harsh chemical treatments such as copper sprays, and complete removal of infected plants. An increasing number of deleterious bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the case of pathogens such as "Erwinia amylovora", which targets members of the "Rosaceae" family such pear and apple trees, bacteria have also been shown to develop resistance to chemical treatments.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Current methods of treating bacterial pathogens in both plant and animal systems all have their disadvantages. For instance, popular methods for controlling diseases in major crop plants include the use of antibiotics, harsh chemical treatments such as copper sprays, and complete removal of infected plants. An increasing number of deleterious bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the case of pathogens such as "Erwinia amylovora", which targets members of the "Rosaceae" family such pear and apple trees, bacteria have also been shown to develop resistance to chemical treatments.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jjianghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=62337&oldid=prevJjiang at 21:44, 8 August 20132013-08-08T21:44:03Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Current methods of treating bacterial pathogens in both plant and animal systems all have their disadvantages. For instance, popular methods for controlling diseases in major crop plants include the use of antibiotics, harsh chemical treatments such as copper sprays, and complete removal of infected plants. An increasing number of deleterious bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the case of pathogens such as "Erwinia amylovora", which targets members of the "Rosaceae" family such pear and apple trees, bacteria have also been shown to develop resistance to chemical treatments.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Current methods of treating bacterial pathogens in both plant and animal systems all have their disadvantages. For instance, popular methods for controlling diseases in major crop plants include the use of antibiotics, harsh chemical treatments such as copper sprays, and complete removal of infected plants. An increasing number of deleterious bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the case of pathogens such as "Erwinia amylovora", which targets members of the "Rosaceae" family such pear and apple trees, bacteria have also been shown to develop resistance to chemical treatments.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jjianghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Nevada&diff=62336&oldid=prevJjiang at 21:43, 8 August 20132013-08-08T21:43:41Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><div id="template" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: #f6f6f6; padding: 5px;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This is a template page. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">You are provided with this team page template with which to start the iGEM season. You may choose to personalize it to fit your team but keep the same "look." Or you may choose to take your team wiki to a different level and design your own wiki. You can find some examples <a href="https://2009.igem.org/Help:Template/Examples">HERE</a>.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">You <strong>MUST</strong> have all of the pages listed in the menu below with the names specified. PLEASE keep all of your pages within your teams namespace. </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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</table>Jjiang