http://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&feed=atom&action=historyTeam:SYSU-China/Project - Revision history2024-03-28T20:07:37ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=361781&oldid=prevMaryZhang at 03:59, 29 October 20132013-10-29T03:59:05Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p class="des" style="margin-top:0px;width:700px"><strong>Figure 5.</strong> Application of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ips</del>-derived hepatocytes </p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p class="des" style="margin-top:0px;width:700px"><strong>Figure 5.</strong> Application of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">iPSC</ins>-derived hepatocytes </p></div></td></tr>
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</table>MaryZhanghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=358834&oldid=prevScelta at 02:30, 29 October 20132013-10-29T02:30:19Z<p></p>
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</table>Sceltahttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=357599&oldid=prevScelta at 01:44, 29 October 20132013-10-29T01:44:11Z<p></p>
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</table>Sceltahttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=357554&oldid=prevScelta at 01:42, 29 October 20132013-10-29T01:42:54Z<p></p>
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</table>Sceltahttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=355997&oldid=prevSporeG at 00:46, 29 October 20132013-10-29T00:46:44Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td></tr>
</table>SporeGhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=355885&oldid=prevSporeG at 00:43, 29 October 20132013-10-29T00:43:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td></tr>
</table>SporeGhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=355163&oldid=prevSporeG at 00:16, 29 October 20132013-10-29T00:16:47Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h3>A technology with many possibilities</h3></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h3>A technology with many possibilities</h3></div></td></tr>
</table>SporeGhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=352859&oldid=prevZheng Yuqing at 22:08, 28 October 20132013-10-28T22:08:19Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h3>A technology with many possibilities</h3></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h3>A technology with many possibilities</h3></div></td></tr>
</table>Zheng Yuqinghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=352845&oldid=prevZheng Yuqing at 22:07, 28 October 20132013-10-28T22:07:28Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the past century, scientists always believed that the life's one-way journey also applied to cells: Once a cell has developed into a specialized cell, it would be locked at that situation, unable to return back to pluripotent stem cell.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[1]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h3>A technology with many possibilities</h3></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h3>A technology with many possibilities</h3></div></td></tr>
</table>Zheng Yuqinghttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:SYSU-China/Project&diff=337395&oldid=prevRichardsherlock at 14:27, 27 October 20132013-10-27T14:27:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</del>]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, this prevalent view was radically overturned in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese scientist who afterward shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John B. Gurdon<a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>]</a>, proved that introduction of four transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to return the cell into a pluripotent situation. In his experiment, what Yamakana did was introducing four genes encoding the transcription factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), which were selected to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells to skin fibroblasts. These synthetical new stem cells were thereafter named by their Japanese father as iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A year later, using the same four transcription factors in the 2006 paper, Yamanka's group successfully produced human iPS cells.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><U><EM>- No strong immunological reaction:</EM></U> Since iPS cells can be cultured from the patient's own cells, it is not quite possible to lead to immunological reaction when directionally differentiated iPSCs are transplanted after in vitro culture. While in 2011 several studies argued the weak immune reaction to transgene-free iPSCs, these arguments were subsided later by other scientists and Yamanaka himself, pointing out that "the most prominent study that reported the immunogenicity of the cells examined undifferentiated iPSCs, which will never be used in cell transplantation therapy"<a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</del>]</a>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><U><EM>- No strong immunological reaction:</EM></U> Since iPS cells can be cultured from the patient's own cells, it is not quite possible to lead to immunological reaction when directionally differentiated iPSCs are transplanted after in vitro culture. While in 2011 several studies argued the weak immune reaction to transgene-free iPSCs, these arguments were subsided later by other scientists and Yamanaka himself, pointing out that "the most prominent study that reported the immunogenicity of the cells examined undifferentiated iPSCs, which will never be used in cell transplantation therapy"<a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>]</a>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><U><EM>- "Thank god we don't need embryos anymore!":</EM></U> Simultaneously, the technology of iPSC was also hailed by many commentaries for it solved the ethical problems in stem cell research field. In the past, stem cell research relied heavily of embryonic stem cells harvested from embryos. Human embryos are not easy to come by, and many people consider research involving use of human embryonic stem cells to be ethically questionable. With no further evidence, iPSC technology not only “breaks the ethical barrier of relying on using eggs or earlier embryos for deriving stem cells, but also leads to a convenient way of obtaining patient-specific stem cells”<a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7</del>]</a>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><U><EM>- "Thank god we don't need embryos anymore!":</EM></U> Simultaneously, the technology of iPSC was also hailed by many commentaries for it solved the ethical problems in stem cell research field. In the past, stem cell research relied heavily of embryonic stem cells harvested from embryos. Human embryos are not easy to come by, and many people consider research involving use of human embryonic stem cells to be ethically questionable. With no further evidence, iPSC technology not only “breaks the ethical barrier of relying on using eggs or earlier embryos for deriving stem cells, but also leads to a convenient way of obtaining patient-specific stem cells”<a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</ins>]</a>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h3>Tumorigenicity as a clinical hurdle </h3></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h3>Tumorigenicity as a clinical hurdle </h3></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The risks of iPSC tumorigenicity have been widely concerned over the past several years. In the study in 2009, Yamakana found out that, among the 55 mice who has been transplanted with iPS cell clones, 46 mice died or became weak within 9 weeks because of tumors. Whereas in contrast group, the number of the tumor-showing mice transplanted with ES cell clones was only 3 among 34<a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9</del>]</a>. This result indicated that the mice transplanted with iPSCs have a much higher rate of tumorigenicity than with ESCs. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The risks of iPSC tumorigenicity have been widely concerned over the past several years. In the study in 2009, Yamakana found out that, among the 55 mice who has been transplanted with iPS cell clones, 46 mice died or became weak within 9 weeks because of tumors. Whereas in contrast group, the number of the tumor-showing mice transplanted with ES cell clones was only 3 among 34<a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</ins>]</a>. This result indicated that the mice transplanted with iPSCs have a much higher rate of tumorigenicity than with ESCs. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><U><EM>- The "fantastic four"are double-edged swords:</EM></U> In the initial study in 2006, Yamanaka has pointed out that among the four transcriptional factors he used, two (Oct-4 and Myc) were oncogenes<a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</del>]</a>. This led to the result that the iPSCs with the four exogenetic oncogenes were more prone to tumorigenesis. Scientists figured out that almost every reprogramming factors are oncogenes by definition. Their over-expression are associated with some types of cancer. Of particular importance is the MYC transcription factor, which has emerged as one of the fundamental genes shared by iPSCs and cancer. Ectopic activation of OCT4 in somatic cells, induces dysplastic development and features of malignancy. NANOG has a role in the self renewal of CD24+ cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. SOX2 has been shown to drive cancer-cell survival and oncogenic fate in several cancer types, including squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and esophagus. Klf-4 has been reported to promote DNA repair checkpoint uncoupling and cellular proliferation in breast cancers by p53 suppression<a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11</del>]</a>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><U><EM>- The "fantastic four"are double-edged swords:</EM></U> In the initial study in 2006, Yamanaka has pointed out that among the four transcriptional factors he used, two (Oct-4 and Myc) were oncogenes<a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</ins>]</a>. This led to the result that the iPSCs with the four exogenetic oncogenes were more prone to tumorigenesis. Scientists figured out that almost every reprogramming factors are oncogenes by definition. Their over-expression are associated with some types of cancer. Of particular importance is the MYC transcription factor, which has emerged as one of the fundamental genes shared by iPSCs and cancer. Ectopic activation of OCT4 in somatic cells, induces dysplastic development and features of malignancy. NANOG has a role in the self renewal of CD24+ cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. SOX2 has been shown to drive cancer-cell survival and oncogenic fate in several cancer types, including squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and esophagus. Klf-4 has been reported to promote DNA repair checkpoint uncoupling and cellular proliferation in breast cancers by p53 suppression<a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>]</a>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><U><EM>- Risks from delivery methods:</EM></U> Compared to ESCs, iPSCs are exposed to several factors that could cause oncogenic transformation, such as genomic insertion of reprogramming vectors, over expression of oncogenic transcription factors and a global hypomethylation resembling that seen in cancers<a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11</del>]</a>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><U><EM>- Risks from delivery methods:</EM></U> Compared to ESCs, iPSCs are exposed to several factors that could cause oncogenic transformation, such as genomic insertion of reprogramming vectors, over expression of oncogenic transcription factors and a global hypomethylation resembling that seen in cancers<a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>]</a>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h1>microRNA Silencing</h1></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h1>microRNA Silencing</h1></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MicroRNA is a short 19-22nt RNA that functions as negative regulator of gene expression. By binding to a complementary target located at the 3’UTR of gene, it either triggers degradation of the whole mRNA in complete match or just blocks down protein translation when incomplete matching. There are more than 1000 kinds of microRNAs which are predicted to regulate approximately 50% of gene expression in human cells.<a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12</del>]</a></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MicroRNA is a short 19-22nt RNA that functions as negative regulator of gene expression. By binding to a complementary target located at the 3’UTR of gene, it either triggers degradation of the whole mRNA in complete match or just blocks down protein translation when incomplete matching. There are more than 1000 kinds of microRNAs which are predicted to regulate approximately 50% of gene expression in human cells.<a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7</ins>]</a></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>biogenesis of microRNAs</h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>biogenesis of microRNAs</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MicroRNAs are mostly located in introns and transcribed by PolII before splicing. The transcribed pri-miRNA is then bound by double-stranded RNA-binding protein and cut by RNase III Drosha. A 70nt hairpin pre-miRNA is thus produced and transported outside the nucleus with the assistance of Exportin 5. After that, another RNaseIII Dicer cleave the pre-miRNA to generate mature microRNA duplex. One strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and the other strand is degraded. When the incorporated single strand RNA finds its target, the mRNA will be degraded. <a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13,14</del>]</a></p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MicroRNAs are mostly located in introns and transcribed by PolII before splicing. The transcribed pri-miRNA is then bound by double-stranded RNA-binding protein and cut by RNase III Drosha. A 70nt hairpin pre-miRNA is thus produced and transported outside the nucleus with the assistance of Exportin 5. After that, another RNaseIII Dicer cleave the pre-miRNA to generate mature microRNA duplex. One strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and the other strand is degraded. When the incorporated single strand RNA finds its target, the mRNA will be degraded. <a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8]</a><a class="quote">[9</ins>]</a></p></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><img class="fig_img" width="700px" src=" https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/archive/0/03/20130927144735%21Background-miRNA.png " /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><img class="fig_img" width="700px" src=" https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/archive/0/03/20130927144735%21Background-miRNA.png " /></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h1>iPSC-derived hepatocytes</h1></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h1>iPSC-derived hepatocytes</h1></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Hepatocytes are always in need for tissue transplant and hepatoxity screening. Due to the limitation of tissue origin and the difficulties for isolation and maintains, iPSC-derived hepatocytes provide us a new way to generate hepatocytes for clinical use and study tossie origin and metabolism in patient with inherent diseases. <a class="quote">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">17</del>]</a>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Hepatocytes are always in need for tissue transplant and hepatoxity screening. Due to the limitation of tissue origin and the difficulties for isolation and maintains, iPSC-derived hepatocytes provide us a new way to generate hepatocytes for clinical use and study tossie origin and metabolism in patient with inherent diseases. <a class="quote">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10</ins>]</a>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><DIV id="references"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><DIV id="references"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>References</h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>References</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</a>The strategy of genes. CH Waddington& H Kacser. -1957</p></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[1]</a>Scientific Background: Mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media 2012</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><p><a class="references">[2]</a>Gurdon JB ,J Embryol Exp Morph 10,622, (1962).</p></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>]</a>Shinya Yamanaka, Cell Stem Cell ,10, 6,(2012)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><p><a class="references">[3</del>]</a>Scientific Background: Mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media 2012<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</ins>]</a>SHI V. LIU, Stem cell development. 17,391(2008)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4]</a>Takahashi, K. & Yamanaka, Cell ,126, 663,(2006).</p></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</ins>]</a>Shinya Yamanaka et al. Natue biotechnology, 27, 743(2009)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><p><a class="references">[5]</a>James A. Thomson et al, Science: 318 ,5858 , (2007) </p></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</ins>]</a><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Takahashi, K</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">& Yamanaka</ins>, Cell ,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">126, 663</ins>,(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2006</ins>) </p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><p><a class="references">[6</del>]</a>Shinya Yamanaka, Cell Stem Cell ,10, 6,(2012)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>]</a>Andrew S Lee et al.. Nature Medicine, 19, 998(2013)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7</del>]</a>SHI V. LIU, Stem cell development. 17,391(2008)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7</ins>]</a>Xie X, et al,Nature, 434,7031,( 2005)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8]</a>Gunnar Hargus A et al. PNAS,107,36 (2010)</p></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</ins>]</a>Han J, Lee Y, Yeom K H, et al. ,Genes & development, 18,24,(2004)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><p><a class="references">[9</del>]</a>Shinya Yamanaka et al. Natue biotechnology, 27, 743(2009)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9</ins>]</a>Chendrimada T P, Gregory R I, Kumaraswamy E, et al. Nature, 436,7051,(2005)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10</del>]</a><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gao et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cell Stem </del>Cell,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2013</del>)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10</ins>]</a>Rao M S, Sasikala M, Reddy D N,19,22 ( 2013)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11</del>]</a>Andrew S Lee et al.. Nature Medicine, 19, 998(2013)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del></p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12</del>]</a>Xie X, et al,Nature, 434,7031,( 2005<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del>)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13</del>]</a>Han J, Lee Y, Yeom K H, et al. ,Genes & development, 18,24,(2004)</p> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14</del>]</a>Chendrimada T P, Gregory R I, Kumaraswamy E, et al. Nature, 436,7051,(2005)</p> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p><a class="references">[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15]</a>Esau C, Davis S, Murray S F, et al. Cell metabolism, , 3,2,(2006).</p> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><p><a class="references">[16]</a>Burns D M, D’Ambrogio A, Nottrott S, et al. Nature, 473,7345, (2011)</p> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><p><a class="references">[17</del>]</a>Rao M S, Sasikala M, Reddy D N,19,22 ( 2013)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></p> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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</table>Richardsherlock