Team:UC Davis/Data

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<h1 id="studies">Proof of Concept: Our Testing Construct</h1>
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<br>To characterize the behavior of a RiboTALe device, we acquired cells containing the sequences for TAL repressors from the Tagkopoulos Lab at UC Davis, with which we have worked closely. We placed the TAL repressors downstream of theophylline-responsive riboswitches, the sequences of which were taken from the studies <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033367">A flow cytometry-based screen for synthetic riboswitches</a><a href="#ref"> [1]</a>, and <a href="http://aem.asm.org/content/76/23/7881.abstract">Synthetic Riboswitches That Induce Gene Expression in Diverse Bacterial Species</a></hi><a href="#ref"> [2]</a>. The riboswitch-TALe sequences were placed under the regulation of a pBAD promoter.</br>
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<br>We inserted previously engineered TALe binding sites corresponding to the TAL repressors used in our characterization experiments upstream of a reporter, GFP. This target sequence was placed under the regulation of a pTET promoter.</br>
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<div><center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/1/1f/UCDavis_testingconstruct.gif" width=600px height=450/></center>
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                    <div><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Data">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/d/d5/Resultsicon_UCDavis.jpg" class="blur"></a>
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<br>We tested our construct by subjecting the pBAD promoter, the theophylline riboswitch, and the pTET promoter to a range of induction levels with arabinose, theophylline, and aTc, respectively. It was expected that at low levels of arabinose and theophylline, but at high levels of aTc, GFP expression would be maximal due to the very low production of TAL repressor protein. On the other hand, at high levels of arabinose and theophylline it was expected that fluorescence levels would be greatly reduced due the higher rate of TAL repressor production. We also expected to see many instances of neither total GFP expression or total GFP repression, depending on the relative states of induction of the pBAD promoter, the theophylline riboswitch, and the pTET promoter.</br>
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                    <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Data"><h3>Testing Constructs</h3></a>
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                    <p>Check out our initial experiments with our testing constructs that served as a proof of concept for RiboTAL function.
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                    </p></a>
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              </td>            
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              <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/AndersonPromoters"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/64/UCD_RiboTAL_Icon_v2.PNG" class="blur"></a>
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              <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/AndersonPromoters"><h3>Anderson Promoters</h3></a>
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                    <p>Find out how we controlled the Anderson family of promoters through induction.<br />
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                        Also, see the secondary data page, <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/AndersonPromoters2">here</a>.
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                    </p>
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              </td>                               
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<h1 id="graph1">Fluorescence is modulated by theophylline concentrations</h1>
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<h1 id="studies">Proof of Concept: Our Testing Construct</h1>
 +
<br>To characterize the behavior of a RiboTALe device, we acquired cells containing the sequences for TAL repressors from the Segal Lab and Tagkopoulos Lab at UC Davis, with which we have worked closely. We placed the TAL repressors downstream of theophylline-responsive riboswitches, the sequences of which were taken from the studies <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033367">A flow cytometry-based screen for synthetic riboswitches</a><a href="#ref"> [1]</a>, and <a href="http://aem.asm.org/content/76/23/7881.abstract">Synthetic Riboswitches That Induce Gene Expression in Diverse Bacterial Species</a></hi><a href="#ref"> [2]</a>. The riboswitch-TALe sequences were placed under the regulation of a pBAD promoter.</br>
 +
<br>We inserted previously engineered TALe binding sites corresponding to the TAL repressors used in our characterization experiments upstream of a reporter, GFP. This target sequence was placed under the regulation of a pTET promoter.</br>
 +
<br></br>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/61/UCDAVIStestTOP.gif" class="genpic" width=345px height=360></center>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/6d/Ucdavisplusarabinose.png" class="genpic" width=488 height=160></center>
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<br></br><center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/7/73/MIDDLE.gif" class="genpic" width=345px height=360></center>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/4/4a/Ucdavisplustheophylline.png" class="genpic" width=488 height=160></center>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/22/Ucdavis2NDTOBOTTOM.gif" class="genpic" width=345px height=360></center>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/b/bd/Ucdavistalearrrow.png" class="genpic" width=488 height=160></center>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/5/5d/UCDavisBOTTOM.gif" class="genpic" width=345px height=360></center>
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<br>We subjected <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212015">our testing construct</a></h1> to the induction condition of 100 ng/mL aTc, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. We also subjected the construct to the induction condition of 0.1% arabinose, which would produce a nominal level of RiboTALe transcript. We varied only the concentration of theophylline, over a range of 0 mM to 10 mM. Thus, difference in fluorescence between induction conditions would be due only to the RiboTALe repression activity. We measured the fluorescence of our construct in E. Coli strain MG1655Z1 over a course of 9-10 hours using the Tecan Infinite 200Pro microplate reader. Please refer to the <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Protocols">Protocols</a></hi> page for details on our culture preparation and Tecan testing parameters. </br>
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<br>We tested our construct by subjecting the pBAD promoter, the theophylline riboswitch, and the pTET promoter to a range of induction levels with arabinose, theophylline, and aTc, respectively. It was expected that at low levels of arabinose and theophylline, but at high levels of aTc, GFP expression would be maximal due to the very low production of TAL repressor protein. On the other hand, at high levels of arabinose and theophylline it was expected that fluorescence levels would be greatly reduced due the higher rate of TAL repressor production. We also expected to see many instances of neither total GFP expression or total GFP repression, depending on the relative states of induction of the pBAD promoter, the theophylline riboswitch, and the pTET promoter.</br>
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<h1 id="graph1">Translation is modulated by theophylline concentrations <a href="#top" class="to_top">^back to top</a></h1>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/thumb/f/f1/UCDavis_graph1c.png/800px-UCDavis_graph1c.png"></center>
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/thumb/f/f1/UCDavis_graph1c.png/800px-UCDavis_graph1c.png"></center>
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<br>The image above illustrates that GFP fluorescence is inversely related to theophylline concentrations, indicating that the <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212007">TAL repressor</a></hi> is in fact being translated at rates corresponding to the theophylline induction levels, and effectively binding to its target site. At maximal theophylline concentrations, the expression of GFP is reduced 2.6 fold.</br>
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<br></br><br>We subjected <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212015">our testing construct</a></h1> to the induction condition of 100 ng/mL aTc, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. We also subjected the construct to the induction condition of 0.1% arabinose, which would produce a nominal level of RiboTALe transcript. We varied only the concentration of theophylline, over a range of 0 mM to 10 mM. Thus, difference in fluorescence between induction conditions would be due only to the RiboTALe repression activity.  We measured the fluorescence of our construct in E. Coli strain MG1655Z1 over a course of 9-10 hours using the Tecan Infinite 200Pro microplate reader. Please refer to the <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Protocols">Protocols</a></hi> page for details on our culture preparation and Tecan testing parameters. </br>
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<br>Next, we investigated what difference in system response we could achieve by altering the binding affinity of the TAL repressor protein.</br>
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<p id="itworks">
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<br></br>
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<br />The image above illustrates that GFP fluorescence is inversely related to theophylline concentrations, indicating that the <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212007">TAL repressor</a></hi> is in fact being translated at rates corresponding to the theophylline induction levels, and effectively binding to its target site. At maximal theophylline concentrations, the expression of GFP is reduced 2.6 fold.
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</p>
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<p>
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<br />Next, we investigated what difference in system response we could achieve by altering the binding affinity of the TAL repressor protein.
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<br />
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</p>
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<h1 id="graph2">Binding affinities of the TAL repressors provide tunability</h1>  
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<h1 id="graph2">Binding affinities of the TAL repressors provide tunability<a href="#top" class="to_top">^back to top</a></h1>
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<br></br>
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<br>The <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212007">TAL repressor protein</a></hi> expressed by our <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212015">RiboTALe device</a></hi> in our initial experiment has a dissociation constant K<sub>D</sub> 1.3 &plusmn; .03 nM. We compared the activity of this RiboTALe to one under the control of the same <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">theophylline riboswitch</a></hi>, but that expressed a <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212004">TAL repressor</a></hi> with K<sub>D</sub> 240 &plusmn; 40 nM. We subjected both RiboTALes to the induction condition of 100 ng/mL aTc, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. At the same time, we subjected both RiboTALes to the following conditions:</br>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/thumb/e/ed/UCDavis_graph2dn.png/799px-UCDavis_graph2dn.png"></center>
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<br></br><br>The <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212007">TAL repressor protein</a></hi> expressed by our <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212015">RiboTALe device</a></hi> in our initial experiment has a dissociation constant K<sub>D</sub> 1.3 &plusmn; .03 nM. We compared the activity of this RiboTALe to one under the control of the same <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">theophylline riboswitch</a></hi>, but that expressed a <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212004">TAL repressor</a></hi> with K<sub>D</sub> 240 &plusmn; 40 nM. We subjected both RiboTALes to the induction condition of 100 ng/mL aTc, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. At the same time, we subjected both RiboTALes to the following conditions:</br>
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<td>0.1</td>
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<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>Full GFP expression due to a lack of riboswitch inducer, and thus translation of the TAL protein. Decreased GFP expression could be attributed to riboswitch leakiness</td>
<td>Full GFP expression due to a lack of riboswitch inducer, and thus translation of the TAL protein. Decreased GFP expression could be attributed to riboswitch leakiness</td>
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<tr><th></th>
<tr><th></th>
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<td>0.1</td>
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<td>1.0</td>
<td>10.0</td>
<td>10.0</td>
<td>Full GFP repression, due the nominal expression of the RiboTALe transcript and the TAL repressor</td>
<td>Full GFP repression, due the nominal expression of the RiboTALe transcript and the TAL repressor</td>
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</table>
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<br></br>
 
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/thumb/e/ed/UCDavis_graph2dn.png/799px-UCDavis_graph2dn.png"></center>
 
<br></br> <br>The image above displays the peak fluorescence of two RiboTALe constructs, <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212014">one</a></hi> expressing <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212004">TALe 1</a></hi> and the <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212015">other</a></hi> expressing <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212007">TALe 8</a></hi>, under different induction conditions for arabinose and theophylline. Both RiboTALes exhibit the expected behavior pattern given the induction conditions, but at consistently different levels of fluorescence. We have attributed this to the difference in binding affinities of the two TAL repressors to their respective binding sites.This variable, if well characterized for different TAL repressors, will provide a powerful means to control the tunability of these devices.</br>
<br></br> <br>The image above displays the peak fluorescence of two RiboTALe constructs, <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212014">one</a></hi> expressing <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212004">TALe 1</a></hi> and the <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212015">other</a></hi> expressing <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212007">TALe 8</a></hi>, under different induction conditions for arabinose and theophylline. Both RiboTALes exhibit the expected behavior pattern given the induction conditions, but at consistently different levels of fluorescence. We have attributed this to the difference in binding affinities of the two TAL repressors to their respective binding sites.This variable, if well characterized for different TAL repressors, will provide a powerful means to control the tunability of these devices.</br>
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<br>It is similarly interesting to note that under conditions of 0.1% arabinose, but no theophylline, there was clearly some reduction in fluorescence. We concluded that the <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">riboswitch</a></hi> we used in this experiment had some degree of leakiness. We next investigated the possibility of altering riboswitch leakiness as another means to increase the tunability of our RiboTALe devices.</br>
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<br>It is similarly interesting to note that under conditions of 1% arabinose, but no theophylline, there was clearly some reduction in fluorescence. We concluded that the <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">riboswitch</a></hi> we used in this experiment had some degree of leakiness. We next investigated the possibility of altering riboswitch leakiness as another means to increase the tunability of our RiboTALe devices.</br>
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<h1 id="graph3">Riboswitch leakiness modulates RiboTALe activity</h1>
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<h1 id="graph3">Riboswitch leakiness modulates RiboTALe activity<a href="#top" class="to_top">^back to top</a></h1>
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<!--The study <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615613/">A flow cytometry-based screen for synthetic riboswitches</a></hi> by Sean Lynch and Justin Gallivan <a href="#ref">[1]</a> presents a library of theophylline riboswitches with randomized 8 base pair sequences in the Shine-Dalgarno region of the transcript that were screened for riboswitch behavior.-->
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<br></br>
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We proceeded to investigate the difference in RiboTALe system response achievable by varying the riboswitch controlling the translation of the TAL repressor. To this end we tested two RiboTALe devices, both of which expressed <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212007">TALe 8</a></hi>. <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212015">One</a></hi> of these RiboTALes was under the control of theophylline riboswitch <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">Clone E</a></hi> and the <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212012">other</a> was under the control of theophylline riboswitch <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212000">Clone 8.1*</a></hi>. Both riboswitches had similar reported fold activation ratios, but <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">Clone E</a> has leakier and displays a higher maximal activation level of gene expression than <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212000">Clone 8.1*</a> <a href="#ref">[1,2]</a>. We subjected both RiboTALes to the induction condition of 100 ng/uL aTC, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. At the same time, we subjected both RiboTALes to the following conditions:
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/thumb/2/2b/UCDavis_graph3en.png/800px-UCDavis_graph3en.png"></center><!--The study <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615613/">A flow cytometry-based screen for synthetic riboswitches</a></hi> by Sean Lynch and Justin Gallivan <a href="#ref">[1]</a> presents a library of theophylline riboswitches with randomized 8 base pair sequences in the Shine-Dalgarno region of the transcript that were screened for riboswitch behavior.--><br></br>
 +
We proceeded to investigate the differences achievable in RiboTALe system response by varying the riboswitch controlling the translation of the TAL repressor. To this end we tested two RiboTALe devices, both of which expressed <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212007">TALe 8</a></hi>. <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212015">One</a></hi> of these RiboTALes was under the control of theophylline riboswitch <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">Clone E</a></hi> and the <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212012">other</a> was under the control of theophylline riboswitch <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212000">Clone 8.1*</a></hi>. We subjected both RiboTALes to the induction condition of 100 ng/uL aTC, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. At the same time, we subjected both RiboTALes to the following conditions:
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<td>Full GFP expression due to a lack of RiboTALe transcript and thus TAL repressor</td>
<td>Full GFP expression due to a lack of RiboTALe transcript and thus TAL repressor</td>
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<tr><th></th>
<tr><th></th>
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<td>0.1</td>
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<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>Full GFP expression due to a lack of riboswitch inducer, and thus translation of the TAL protein. Decreased GFP expression could be attributed to riboswitch leakiness</td>
<td>Full GFP expression due to a lack of riboswitch inducer, and thus translation of the TAL protein. Decreased GFP expression could be attributed to riboswitch leakiness</td>
</tr>
</tr>
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<tr><th></th>
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<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
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<td>0.0</td>
 
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<td>Full GFP expression due to a lack of riboswitch inducer, and thus translation of the TAL protein. Decreased GFP expression could be attributed to riboswitch leakiness</td>
 
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<tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
 
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<tr><th></th>
 
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<td>0.0</td>
 
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<td>10.0</td>
 
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<td>Full GFP expression due to a lack of RiboTALe transcript and thus TAL repressor</td>
 
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</tr>
 
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<tr><th></th>
 
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<td>0.1</td>
 
<td>10.0</td>
<td>10.0</td>
<td>Full GFP repression, due the nominal expression of the RiboTALe transcript and the TAL repressor</td>
<td>Full GFP repression, due the nominal expression of the RiboTALe transcript and the TAL repressor</td>
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</tr>
 
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<tr><th></th>
 
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<td>1.0</td>
 
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<td>10.0</td>
 
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<td>Full GFP repression, due the maximal expression of the RiboTALe transcript and the TAL repressor</td>
 
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
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<br></br>
 
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/thumb/f/f8/UCDavis_graph3n.png/800px-UCDavis_graph3n.png"></center>
 
<br>
<br>
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The image above displays the relative change in fluorescence for the two RiboTALe devices tested in this experiment at arabinose induction levels of 0.0%, 0.1%, and 1.0% percent, where arabinose induces expression of the RiboTALe transcript. Riboswitch <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">Clone E</a></hi> and riboswitch <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212000">Clone 8.1*</a></hi> display similar activation ratio according to the <a href="#studies">studies</a> from which we acquired the sequences. But it is clear that the two RiboTALe devices, differing only in the riboswitch controlling the translation of the TAL repressor, exhibit behavior indicating that differences riboswitch leakiness and maximal activation levels do in fact impact system behavior[...complete .]
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The image above displays the fluorescence results for the two RiboTALe devices tested in this experiment. According to the literature both riboswitches have similar reported fold activation ratios<a href="#ref">[1,2]</a>. But it is clear that the two RiboTALe devices, differing only in the riboswitch controlling the translation of the TAL repressor, exhibit consistently different behavior. The data show that at 1% arabinose (the inducer for the RiboTALe transcript), but in the absence of theophylline, the RiboTALe under control of riboswitch <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">Clone E</a> is active. Under identical induction conditions, the RiboTALe under riboswitch <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212000">Clone 8.1*</a> exhibits no repression activity. The fluorescence measured was in fact <i>higher</i> than the baseline for reasons not understood. From the data we conclude that <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212001">Clone E</a> is leakier and yet stronger than <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1212000">Clone 8.1*</a>, generating a 3.68 fold reduction in fluorescence as opposed to a 2.42 fold reduction. These data indicate that differences riboswitch leakiness and strength do impact RiboTALe system behavior, and can be engineered into RiboTALe designs as sources of tunability.  
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</br><br />
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With all of the data that we have generated through testing the different parts of our system, we decided to put it all together with some 3D graphs.
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<h1 id="widget">3D RiboTALe Data Plot</h1>
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<h1 id="widget">3D RiboTALe Data Plot<a href="#top" class="to_top">^back to top</a></h1>
<p>Here is a graphical representation of some of our RiboTALe characterization data. The graph can be toggled between 2D and 3D plot modes. The data sets plotted can also be turned on or off through the use of the corresponding buttons in the upper right of the graph. Feel free to click the navigation buttons or drag the 3D graph in order to get a better view.
<p>Here is a graphical representation of some of our RiboTALe characterization data. The graph can be toggled between 2D and 3D plot modes. The data sets plotted can also be turned on or off through the use of the corresponding buttons in the upper right of the graph. Feel free to click the navigation buttons or drag the 3D graph in order to get a better view.
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<h3>100 ng/mL aTc</h3>
<h3>100 ng/mL aTc</h3>
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22868.50882, 26697.24765, 31385.92672, 12146.13773, 13292.34931, 29857.02244
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                    <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Project"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/b/bf/TALpic_UCDavis.jpg" class="blur"></a>
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                     <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Project"><h3>Project Background</h3></a>
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                     <p>Learn about how we combine riboswitches and TAL's into robust orthogonal mechanisms for inducible repression.  
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                     <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Project_Overview"><h3>Project Overview</h3></a>
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                     <p>Learn about how we combine riboswitches and TALs into robust orthogonal mechanisms for     inducible repression.  
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               <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Data"><h3>Results</h3></a>
               <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Data"><h3>Results</h3></a>
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                     <p>Check out the cool results of our experiments with RiboTALs.
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                     <p>Check out the cool results of our experiments with RiboTALs.  
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                     <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/HumanPracticesOverview"><h3>Human Practices</h3></a>
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                     <p>Take a look at how we designed a new database for better raw data characterization of Biobricks.  
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                     <p>Take a look at how we promote sharing in iGEM through The Depot, an open BioBrick characterization database.<br />
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                        <a href="http://dilbert.cs.ucdavis.edu/Depot" class="bold">Visit the Depot!</a>
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               <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Criteria"><h3>Judging Criteria</h3></a>
               <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:UC_Davis/Criteria"><h3>Judging Criteria</h3></a>
                     <p>Here's the criteria that we met for this year's team.  
                     <p>Here's the criteria that we met for this year's team.  
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[1] S. A. Lynch and J. P. Gallivan, "A flow cytometry-based screen for synthetic riboswitches," Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 37, pp. 184-192, Jan 2009.
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=A+flow+cytometry-based+screen+for+synthetic+riboswitches">[1] S. A. Lynch and J. P. Gallivan, "A flow cytometry-based screen for synthetic riboswitches," Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 37, pp. 184-192, Jan 2009.</a>
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[2] S. Topp, C. M. K. Reynoso, J. C. Seeliger, I. S. Goldlust, S. K. Desai, D. Murat, et al., "Synthetic Riboswitches That Induce Gene Expression in Diverse Bacterial Species (vol 76, pg 7881, 2010)," Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 77, pp. 2199-2199, Mar 2011.
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synthetic+Riboswitches+That+Induce+Gene+Expression+in+Diverse+Bacterial+Species">[2] S. Topp, C. M. K. Reynoso, J. C. Seeliger, I. S. Goldlust, S. K. Desai, D. Murat, et al., "Synthetic Riboswitches That Induce Gene Expression in Diverse Bacterial Species (vol 76, pg 7881, 2010)," Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 77, pp. 2199-2199, Mar 2011.</a>
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Latest revision as of 01:40, 29 October 2013

Testing Constructs

Check out our initial experiments with our testing constructs that served as a proof of concept for RiboTAL function.

Anderson Promoters

Find out how we controlled the Anderson family of promoters through induction.
Also, see the secondary data page, here.

Proof of Concept: Our Testing Construct


To characterize the behavior of a RiboTALe device, we acquired cells containing the sequences for TAL repressors from the Segal Lab and Tagkopoulos Lab at UC Davis, with which we have worked closely. We placed the TAL repressors downstream of theophylline-responsive riboswitches, the sequences of which were taken from the studies A flow cytometry-based screen for synthetic riboswitches [1], and Synthetic Riboswitches That Induce Gene Expression in Diverse Bacterial Species [2]. The riboswitch-TALe sequences were placed under the regulation of a pBAD promoter.

We inserted previously engineered TALe binding sites corresponding to the TAL repressors used in our characterization experiments upstream of a reporter, GFP. This target sequence was placed under the regulation of a pTET promoter.

















We tested our construct by subjecting the pBAD promoter, the theophylline riboswitch, and the pTET promoter to a range of induction levels with arabinose, theophylline, and aTc, respectively. It was expected that at low levels of arabinose and theophylline, but at high levels of aTc, GFP expression would be maximal due to the very low production of TAL repressor protein. On the other hand, at high levels of arabinose and theophylline it was expected that fluorescence levels would be greatly reduced due the higher rate of TAL repressor production. We also expected to see many instances of neither total GFP expression or total GFP repression, depending on the relative states of induction of the pBAD promoter, the theophylline riboswitch, and the pTET promoter.

Translation is modulated by theophylline concentrations ^back to top






We subjected our testing construct to the induction condition of 100 ng/mL aTc, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. We also subjected the construct to the induction condition of 0.1% arabinose, which would produce a nominal level of RiboTALe transcript. We varied only the concentration of theophylline, over a range of 0 mM to 10 mM. Thus, difference in fluorescence between induction conditions would be due only to the RiboTALe repression activity. We measured the fluorescence of our construct in E. Coli strain MG1655Z1 over a course of 9-10 hours using the Tecan Infinite 200Pro microplate reader. Please refer to the Protocols page for details on our culture preparation and Tecan testing parameters.


The image above illustrates that GFP fluorescence is inversely related to theophylline concentrations, indicating that the TAL repressor is in fact being translated at rates corresponding to the theophylline induction levels, and effectively binding to its target site. At maximal theophylline concentrations, the expression of GFP is reduced 2.6 fold.


Next, we investigated what difference in system response we could achieve by altering the binding affinity of the TAL repressor protein.

Binding affinities of the TAL repressors provide tunability^back to top






The TAL repressor protein expressed by our RiboTALe device in our initial experiment has a dissociation constant KD 1.3 ± .03 nM. We compared the activity of this RiboTALe to one under the control of the same theophylline riboswitch, but that expressed a TAL repressor with KD 240 ± 40 nM. We subjected both RiboTALes to the induction condition of 100 ng/mL aTc, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. At the same time, we subjected both RiboTALes to the following conditions:


Arabinose Concentration (%) Theophylline Concentration (mM) Expected Result
0.0 0.0 Full GFP expression due to a lack of RiboTALe transcript and thus TAL repressor
1.0 0.0 Full GFP expression due to a lack of riboswitch inducer, and thus translation of the TAL protein. Decreased GFP expression could be attributed to riboswitch leakiness
1.0 10.0 Full GFP repression, due the nominal expression of the RiboTALe transcript and the TAL repressor



The image above displays the peak fluorescence of two RiboTALe constructs, one expressing TALe 1 and the other expressing TALe 8, under different induction conditions for arabinose and theophylline. Both RiboTALes exhibit the expected behavior pattern given the induction conditions, but at consistently different levels of fluorescence. We have attributed this to the difference in binding affinities of the two TAL repressors to their respective binding sites.This variable, if well characterized for different TAL repressors, will provide a powerful means to control the tunability of these devices.

It is similarly interesting to note that under conditions of 1% arabinose, but no theophylline, there was clearly some reduction in fluorescence. We concluded that the riboswitch we used in this experiment had some degree of leakiness. We next investigated the possibility of altering riboswitch leakiness as another means to increase the tunability of our RiboTALe devices.


Riboswitch leakiness modulates RiboTALe activity^back to top





We proceeded to investigate the differences achievable in RiboTALe system response by varying the riboswitch controlling the translation of the TAL repressor. To this end we tested two RiboTALe devices, both of which expressed TALe 8. One of these RiboTALes was under the control of theophylline riboswitch Clone E and the other was under the control of theophylline riboswitch Clone 8.1*. We subjected both RiboTALes to the induction condition of 100 ng/uL aTC, which would result in constitutive and maximal expression of GFP given no repression. At the same time, we subjected both RiboTALes to the following conditions:

Arabinose Concentration (%) Theophylline Concentration (mM) Expected Result
0.0 0.0 Full GFP expression due to a lack of RiboTALe transcript and thus TAL repressor
1.0 0.0 Full GFP expression due to a lack of riboswitch inducer, and thus translation of the TAL protein. Decreased GFP expression could be attributed to riboswitch leakiness
1.0 10.0 Full GFP repression, due the nominal expression of the RiboTALe transcript and the TAL repressor

The image above displays the fluorescence results for the two RiboTALe devices tested in this experiment. According to the literature both riboswitches have similar reported fold activation ratios[1,2]. But it is clear that the two RiboTALe devices, differing only in the riboswitch controlling the translation of the TAL repressor, exhibit consistently different behavior. The data show that at 1% arabinose (the inducer for the RiboTALe transcript), but in the absence of theophylline, the RiboTALe under control of riboswitch Clone E is active. Under identical induction conditions, the RiboTALe under riboswitch Clone 8.1* exhibits no repression activity. The fluorescence measured was in fact higher than the baseline for reasons not understood. From the data we conclude that Clone E is leakier and yet stronger than Clone 8.1*, generating a 3.68 fold reduction in fluorescence as opposed to a 2.42 fold reduction. These data indicate that differences riboswitch leakiness and strength do impact RiboTALe system behavior, and can be engineered into RiboTALe designs as sources of tunability.

3D RiboTALe Data Plot^back to top

Here is a graphical representation of some of our RiboTALe characterization data. The graph can be toggled between 2D and 3D plot modes. The data sets plotted can also be turned on or off through the use of the corresponding buttons in the upper right of the graph. Feel free to click the navigation buttons or drag the 3D graph in order to get a better view.

90000

100 ng/mL aTc

0, 1, 5, 10 81896.13, 78666.88, 74182.52, 31385.93 0, .01, .1, .25, .5, 1 0, 1, 2, 5, 10 81399.99914, 82312.01989, 81896.13437, 70965.09262, 71753.41851, 52082.65688, 82598.77679, 90191.2318, 78666.87521, 59658.53566, 53189.6567, 43608.73416, 89341.08341, 88566.62349, 89727.21455, 58754.65109, 55356.67872, 59500.96347, 71372.62047, 72710.06759, 74182.52136, 39969.45281, 41701.09012, 58907.74009, 22868.50882, 26697.24765, 31385.92672, 12146.13773, 13292.34931, 29857.02244

0 ng/mL aTc

0, 1, 5, 10 1629.559472, 1700.829702, 1701.217487, 1116.65006 0, .01, .1, .25, .5, 1 0, 1, 2, 5, 10 1629.559472,1634.441888,1565.606412,1568.030923,1549.936772,1550.608345, 1700.829702,1756.172098,1716.475113,1714.999974,1687.625775,1673.997409, 1792.94241,1759.305223,1757.164411,1746.514631,1719.24679,1750.824618, 1701.217487,1990.586906,2022.536824,2028.438816,2074.652724,2075.872599, 1116.65006,1816.239221,1806.522633,1788.908717,1827.918679,1805.555476

Play With Me

Project Overview

Learn about how we combine riboswitches and TALs into robust orthogonal mechanisms for inducible repression.

Results

Check out the cool results of our experiments with RiboTALs.

Human Practices

Take a look at how we promote sharing in iGEM through The Depot, an open BioBrick characterization database.
Visit the Depot!

Judging Criteria

Here's the criteria that we met for this year's team.