Team:Yale/Project MAGE

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	Project Overview	Validate PLA synthesis	Develop bioassay	Apply MAGE	Introduce export system	Make a bioplastic

Aims for the Project

1. Engineer strains of E. coli to validate PLA synthesis
   
2. Develop bioassay to screen PLA production
   
3. Apply MAGE to optimize PLA production, guided by FBA
   
4. Introduce type 1 secretion system to export and extract PLA
   
5. Make a bioplastic

MAGE Targets

• The first step in applying MAGE is finding MAGE targets. This involved reading numerous scientific papers learning as much as possible about the heterologous enzymes, and the pathway that was being used to create the PLA

Enzyme Targets

• Sadly there was no crystal structure of either enzyme we could use to locate the sites to introduce mutations
  • However, we used the literature available to locate spots where we would want to introduce mutations

Propionate CoA-transferase According to Selmer et al. 2002, there is a catalytic glutamate found in all CoA-transferases Using alignment tools along with the crystal structure of YdiF CoA transferase (That shares 45% sequence identity with the Propionate CoA-transferase) we were able to locate the catalytic glutamate in our enzyme Also, we were able to locate the oxyanion hole of the enzyme We also targeted the regions mentioned in the Lee papers This gave a toal of 4 MAGE oligos (Sequences Here)

P. resinovorans PHA synthases From Yang et al. 2011 we knew there were 4 targets for mutation that affected the efficiency of this enzyme (E130, S325, S477, and Q481) After some more reading we found three amino acids that were putative catalytic residues (C296, D451, and H479) This gave the impression of one hotspot area (amino acids 477-481) so an oligo was designed to target the enzymes in between (AA478 and AA480) This gave a total of 10 MAGE oligos (Sequences Here)

Pathway Engineering

• We wanted to divert resources toward our desired pathway
  • This mainly consisted of increase the production of lactate
  • In order to better understand the pathway we were tampering with we created this Metabolic engineering graphic (using the sources listed at the bottom of this page)
    

Enzyme KOs This led us to find 8 targets for Knockouts (enzymes which would divert resources from our desired pathway) These include adhE, ackA, pfl(A,B), frd(A,B,C,D, ppc, atoB, pta, eutD Oligos were designed to introduce two nonsence mutation near the begining of these ezymes, so they would not be expressed Using Flux Balance Anylysis (Instructions here) we were able to determine that none of these enzymes would cause a fitness hit except ppc

RBS Tuning Using the pathway diagram shown above we found 20 enzymes that could be potential targets for mutation Using the same approach taken in MAGE paper (Wang et al. 2009), we designed oligos that target the RBS of each enzyme, and made the oligos degenerate with the following sequence DDRRRRRDDDD (-4 through -14 positions from the start codon) This would alter the RBS to adjust transcription and thus allow some cells to have higher expression and some cells have lower expression Using FACS we would be able to sort through the cells and determine cells have the highest PLA production Figure 6: This figure shows how to design a oligo depending on which strand and which replichore the gene is located.

List of Papers:
Jacob et al. 1997
Matsuzaki et al. 1998
Sawers et al. 1998
Park et al. 2002
Selmer et al. 2002
Takase et al. 2002
Fong et al. 2005
Matsumoto et al. 2005
Rangarajan ES et al. 2005
Matsumoto et al. 2006
Jung et al. 2009
Matsumoto et al. 2009
Juang et al. 2010
Orth et al. 2010
Yang et al. 2011
Kandasamy et al. 2012
Yang et al. 2013