We constructed oscillation circuit using RNA. We think that it is easier to design the system than protein oscillation, and protein oscillator is difficult to control because there are many process such like translation and activation of related proteins. So, it can be used as a very useful tool which has a lot of application. In our assumption, RNA oscillation using hammerhead ribozyme(HHR) is suitable for our system. But does this system really generate the oscillation? Or, if so, what is the ideal conditions of generation of the oscillation and how much faster than our constructed system is than protein oscillator? To investigate them, we created simple model using Simbiology.

Fig1. The scheme of RNA oscillation using Simbiology.

Simbiology is Math Works softare, MATLAB’s extension. This software allows us to simulate biological phenomenon of the species, reactions, and compartments that make up the system (in our system, component of RNA oscillation, such like, HHRs, and taRNAs). For this model, we simulated that how condition this system works (Fig 1).

Method

Results and discussion

Fig2. Time scale of relative amount of HHR1, taRNA1 and HHR1 and taRNA1 complex.

Results from simulation show that the amount of HHR-taRNA complex, HHR and taRNA reached steady state. So, the result shows that this system doesn't generate oscillation. But we substituted false values into K_on and K_off. So, to confirm whether oscillation doesn't occur any time, we formularized differential equations as follows:

where the Kd is the rate of RNA degradation, K_α is rate of self-cleavage frequency, the constant Kcons is the rate of production of new RNA, and [・] is the concentration of ・.(taR[i]HR[i+1] means taRNAi and HRRi+1 complex(i=1,2,3))

To generate oscillation, we focused on the steady state. If oscillation occurs, we’ll get recurrence formula from above differential equations and it shows bi-steady state exists, which is feature of generating oscillation.

In steady state, the changes of each species are 0. Therefore, the following equations are satisfied.

From the results (4)～(6) shows that concentration of all of the associated species go to the constant value in steady state, which means that there isn’t bi-steady state and that this system doesn’t generate the oscillation. When we began this project, we assumed that taRNA inhibits the self-cleavage of HHR and that this causes a decrease of the amount of HHR. So the oscillation should have occurred. But even when the taRNA inhibits HHR’s activity, HHR itself is continuously expressed and new HHRs comes one after another , which leads concentration of HHR and taRNA to the constant value which depend on Ka, Kcons. and Kd. To generate in our system, we should have introduced the factor which stops directly transcription, such like protein repressor and attenuater.

Reference

ⁱ Bnenedikt Klauser and Jorg S. Hartig, (2013), An engineered small RNA-mediated genetic switch based on a ribozyme expression platform, Nucleic Acid Res. ,41(10), 5542-5552
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ⁱⁱⁱ Gerardo.F., James M. Smith, Robert Cedergren(1998), Schistosome Satellite DNA Encodes Active Hammerhead Ribozymes. Mol Cell Biol. 18(7), 3880-3888
^iv Bruce Alberts, et.al, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL 4th edition (New York, Newton Press, 2004 )