Team:Yale/Project Bioassay

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	Project Overview	Validate PLA synthesis	Develop bioassay	Apply MAGE	Introduce export system	Make a bioplastic

Aims for the Project

1. Engineer strains of E. coli for PLA synthesis
2. Develop bioassay to screen PLA production
   
3. Apply MAGE to optimize PLA production, guided by FBA
   
4. Introduce type 1 secretion system to export and extract PLA
   
5. Make a bioplastic

Develop bioassay to screen PLA production

• We needed a way to detect the PLA once we produced it using the heterologous enzymes
  • We decided to use the fluorescent dye Nile red, a intercellular lipid strain
  • Nile red does not affect the growth of bacteria, and its fluorescence is quenched in water

This is a figure from Spiekermann et al. 1996 demonstrating Nile red staining of both PHB+ E. coli and PHB negative E. coli

Positive Control

• We used the 2012 Tokyo Tech Biobrick (BBa_K934001) as a positive control to attempt to detect Nile red fluorescence on our plate reader (ex. 530nm, em. 590nm)
  • This plasmid had three enzymes which together give E. coli that ability to synthesize P(3HB) a similar plastic PLA
  • Cells were grown for 24 hours in the presence of Nile red. The cells were washed and resuspended in PBS.

Our Construct

• We then proceeded to test out plasmid in the plate reader.
  • Cells were grown for 24 hours with both enzymes induced and in the presence of Nile red. The cells were washed and resuspended in PBS. The readings were normalized for optical density.

FACS Sorting

• In order to quickly screen the large diversity we planned to create using MAGE, we wanted to employ Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
  • FACS could sort cells based on the Nile red fluorescence, thus indicating those cells that have produced larger quantities of PLA

Testing for PLA

• Nile red has an emission maximum at 598nm when bound to p(3HB) granules according to Spiekermann et al. 1998
• Thus we decided to use PE-Texas Red which has an emission maximum at 615nm in order pick the best colonies.

The left graph shows the distribution of cells entering the FACS. A gate is made to only focus on those which are relatively round and average size (the enclosed red shape). The right graph is the fluorescence of those selected cells. A gate is made and 1/10,000 of the cells are within this gate. Ideally we would want no control cells but this one cells must have been an outlier due to its abnormally high levels of fluorescence.

This is the experimental sample. The same gate is applied to attempt to sort the desired cells (those with higher levels of Nile red fluorescence) compared to the control. This 7/10,0000 cells can be sorted and a culture was made in a matter of minutes.

• Next we tested these FACS sorted cells on the plate reader to see if we could detect a difference from the FACS sorted and non-FACS sorted cells