Template:Team:Bonn:NetworkData

content.i = 50;

content.i = 50;

content.parents=[37];

content.parents=[37];

content.titleShort = "Applications";

content.titleShort = "Applications";

content.titleLong = "Applications";

content.titleLong = "Applications";

content.text= "To understand the role of a specific gene or DNA region is one of the big challenges in lifescience research. Our system, which allows the fast and convenient elimination of defined proteins, is a new improved technique, with many advantages. It allows the control of protein activity with respect to time and space, is fast, robust, can be used for different proteins and changes the protein sequence only little, because the ssrA tag consist only out of 15 amino acids. Recently technologies like gene knockout or knockdown had been developed, which allow to investigate the role of a particular gene or DNA region by comparing the knockout organism to a wildtype with a similar genetic background. </br></br> A knockout means that a particular gene is deleted from the genome of an organism. This organism might be bacteria or yeast, but also eukaryotic cells, plants or even animals. To create a knockout organism recombinant DNA is inserted into a gene (Bartke, 2006^{<a href=#ref55.3>55.3</a>}). When a genes sequence is interrupted, it may still be translated, but the resulting protein will be nonfunctional. Moreover, it is possible to knockout the gene only in defined tissues or at defined time points. This technique is called a conditional knockout. </br></br> On the other hand the knockdown, does not eliminate the specific gene on DNA, but on RNA level. Here interfering RNAs (siRNA) are inserted into the cell, leading to the degradation of the genes mRNA (Pratt and MacRae, 2009^{<a href=#ref55.1>55.1</a>}) and hence no protein can be produced. </br></br> In contrast to the knockout and knockdown, our system allows the expression of the gene and the translation into functional protein. However, irradiation with blue light leads to the fast elimination of the particular protein. Therefore, one of the major advantages of our system is its speed, not only in comparison to knockout and knockdown, but also in comparison to other protein level systems. Comparing our system, to other protein level systems, like the system developed by Davis et al.^{<a href=#ref55.2>55.2</a>} in 2011, which are induced by small molecules our system would still be faster due to the use of light. In small molecule systems it takes some time until the small molecules reach their target in the case of light this happens within milliseconds. Furthermore, with our system it is not necessary to add any kind of activator molecules, which might effect the results, to the cells. This enables researchers to investigate cell activity with and with out the protein in direct comparison, while the only interference is one light puls.</br></br><h2>References</h2></br></br><p><a name=ref55.1>55.1</a> <a href=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2709356/>Pratt and MacRae (2009) The RNA-induced silencing complex: a versatile gene-silencing machine.</a></p> </br> <p><a name=ref55.2 >55.2</a> <a href=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3220803/>Davis et al. (2011) Small-molecule control of protein degradation using split adaptors.</a></p></br><p><a name=ref55.3 >55.3</a> <a href=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531556506002798>Bartke (2006) New findings in transgenic, gene knockout and mutant mice.</a></p>";  

content.text= "To understand the role of a specific gene or DNA region is one of the big challenges in lifescience research. Our system, which allows the fast and convenient elimination of defined proteins, is a new improved technique, with many advantages. It allows the control of protein activity with respect to time and space, is fast, robust, can be used for different proteins and changes the protein sequence only little, because the ssrA tag consist only out of 15 amino acids. Recently technologies like gene knockout or knockdown had been developed, which allow to investigate the role of a particular gene or DNA region by comparing the knockout organism to a wildtype with a similar genetic background. </br></br> A knockout means that a particular gene is deleted from the genome of an organism. This organism might be bacteria or yeast, but also eukaryotic cells, plants or even animals. To create a knockout organism recombinant DNA is inserted into a gene (Bartke, 2006^{<a href=#ref55.3>55.3</a>}). When a genes sequence is interrupted, it may still be translated, but the resulting protein will be nonfunctional. Moreover, it is possible to knockout the gene only in defined tissues or at defined time points. This technique is called a conditional knockout. </br></br> On the other hand the knockdown, does not eliminate the specific gene on DNA, but on RNA level. Here interfering RNAs (siRNA) are inserted into the cell, leading to the degradation of the genes mRNA (Pratt and MacRae, 2009^{<a href=#ref55.1>55.1</a>}) and hence no protein can be produced. </br></br> In contrast to the knockout and knockdown, our system allows the expression of the gene and the translation into functional protein. However, irradiation with blue light leads to the fast elimination of the particular protein. Therefore, one of the major advantages of our system is its speed, not only in comparison to knockout and knockdown, but also in comparison to other protein level systems. Comparing our system, to other protein level systems, like the system developed by Davis et al.^{<a href=#ref55.2>55.2</a>} in 2011, which are induced by small molecules our system would still be faster due to the use of light. In small molecule systems it takes some time until the small molecules reach their target in the case of light this happens within milliseconds. Furthermore, with our system it is not necessary to add any kind of activator molecules, which might effect the results, to the cells. This enables researchers to investigate cell activity with and with out the protein in direct comparison, while the only interference is one light puls.</br></br><h2>References</h2></br></br><p><a name=ref55.1>55.1</a> <a href=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2709356/>Pratt and MacRae (2009) The RNA-induced silencing complex: a versatile gene-silencing machine.</a></p> </br> <p><a name=ref55.2 >55.2</a> <a href=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3220803/>Davis et al. (2011) Small-molecule control of protein degradation using split adaptors.</a></p></br><p><a name=ref55.3 >55.3</a> <a href=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531556506002798>Bartke (2006) New findings in transgenic, gene knockout and mutant mice.</a></p>";  

content.type="Project";  

content.type="Project";  

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case 56:

case 56:

content.i = 56;

content.i = 56;

content.text= "Microorganisms can be used to produce a variety of different products. Especially, when using genetic engineering it is possible to produce complex products like antibiotics or drugs, but also food additives like amino acids.</br></br>However, with the use of microorganisms for the production of desired products certain difficulties arise. On of the most important things in biotechnology is to create and maintain optimal environmental conditions for the microorganisms. Therefore temperature, pressure, pH, nutrition, gasexchange and other factors need to be adjusted and controlled. Therefore, a bioreactor is not only a device to grow cells or tissues, but in most cases a high-tech device, with real-time control of the relevant parameters.</br></br>Bioreactors can be classified as batch, fed batch or continuous.";

content.text= "Microorganisms can be used to produce a variety of different products. Especially, when using genetic engineering it is possible to produce complex products like antibiotics or drugs, but also food additives like amino acids.</br></br>However, with the use of microorganisms for the production of desired products certain difficulties arise. On of the most important things in biotechnology is to create and maintain optimal environmental conditions for the microorganisms. Therefore temperature, pressure, pH, nutrition, gasexchange and other factors need to be adjusted and controlled. Therefore, a bioreactor is not only a device to grow cells or tissues, but in most cases a high-tech device, with real-time control of the relevant parameters.</br></br>Bioreactors can be classified as batch, fed batch or continuous.";

content.type="Project";

content.type="Project";

     }

     }