Team:ITB Indonesia/Project/Aflatoxin

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<p>Aflatoxin  Whole Cell Biocensor  is a system to  detect the presence of aflatoxin in the environment  by using E. coli strain BL21 as a chassis.  There are two modules are used to compile the aflatoxin sensor systems. Module  I is a module to activate aflatoxin.   Module II is a module which is used as a reporter system utilizing the  SOS response in E. coli cells. When E. coli cells exposed to aflatoxin,  aflatoxin  will enter the cell and  activated by the system in module 1 form the active molecule. This molecules  are not stable and will attack the DNA. DNA damage will activates the system at  the  module II to produced green  fluoresence protein as an output from module II system.</p>
<p>Aflatoxin  Whole Cell Biocensor  is a system to  detect the presence of aflatoxin in the environment  by using E. coli strain BL21 as a chassis.  There are two modules are used to compile the aflatoxin sensor systems. Module  I is a module to activate aflatoxin.   Module II is a module which is used as a reporter system utilizing the  SOS response in E. coli cells. When E. coli cells exposed to aflatoxin,  aflatoxin  will enter the cell and  activated by the system in module 1 form the active molecule. This molecules  are not stable and will attack the DNA. DNA damage will activates the system at  the  module II to produced green  fluoresence protein as an output from module II system.</p>
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<h3><strong>Modul I.  Activation Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) become </strong><strong>Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide</strong></h3>
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<h4><strong>Modul I.  Activation Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) become </strong><strong>Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide</strong></h4>
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<p>
   Alfatoxin  is a mycotoxin that is carcinogenic and mutagenic. To be able to cause  mutations or DNA damage, AFB1 must undergo activation by Cytocrhome P450 prior  to Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide. Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide is the active form of AFB1 which  can cause damage to DNA.</p>
   Alfatoxin  is a mycotoxin that is carcinogenic and mutagenic. To be able to cause  mutations or DNA damage, AFB1 must undergo activation by Cytocrhome P450 prior  to Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide. Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide is the active form of AFB1 which  can cause damage to DNA.</p>
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<p align="center"><img width="464" height="327" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e1/ITB_Indonesia-aflatoxin_clip_image002.jpg" /></p>
<p align="center"><img width="464" height="327" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e1/ITB_Indonesia-aflatoxin_clip_image002.jpg" /></p>
<h5 align="center">Picture  1. Ilustration of  Modul I</h5>
<h5 align="center">Picture  1. Ilustration of  Modul I</h5>
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<h4> <br />
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   <strong>Modul 2. Utilisizing SOS Response to Detection the Presence of Aflatoxin</strong></h3>
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   <strong>Modul 2. Utilisizing SOS Response to Detection the Presence of Aflatoxin</strong></h4>
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<p>
   Aflatoxin activated into  Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide by CYP3A4 as a catalyst.  Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide is an unstable compound and could not be isolated. The  compound can adduct DNA at guanine bases produce a compound  trans-8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 and intercalated in DNA  [3]. On the E. coli, DNA adduction by Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide cause transversion mutation  of nucleotide bases G à T cell  triggering of the SOS response.</p>
   Aflatoxin activated into  Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide by CYP3A4 as a catalyst.  Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide is an unstable compound and could not be isolated. The  compound can adduct DNA at guanine bases produce a compound  trans-8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 and intercalated in DNA  [3]. On the E. coli, DNA adduction by Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide cause transversion mutation  of nucleotide bases G à T cell  triggering of the SOS response.</p>
<p align="center"><img width="624" height="265" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/7/71/ITB_Indonesia-aflatoxin_clip_image004.jpg" /></p> <br />
<p align="center"><img width="624" height="265" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/7/71/ITB_Indonesia-aflatoxin_clip_image004.jpg" /></p> <br />
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<h5 align="center">Picture  2. DNA adduction by Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide</h5>
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<h5 align="center">Picture  2. DNA adduction by Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide</h5><br/>
<p>SOS Response is a response of E. coli to  DNA damage. Mechanism of SOS respone to repair damaged DNA involving multiple  gene. There are two types of proteins that are involved in the mechanism of the  SOS response in E. coli, the LexA which is a repressor protein and RecA  which for   reducing the level of expression of the gene encoding LexA<br />
<p>SOS Response is a response of E. coli to  DNA damage. Mechanism of SOS respone to repair damaged DNA involving multiple  gene. There are two types of proteins that are involved in the mechanism of the  SOS response in E. coli, the LexA which is a repressor protein and RecA  which for   reducing the level of expression of the gene encoding LexA<br />
   Under normal condition, the LexA Protein  which is  a dimer protein binds to the  operator and represses  the transcription  process of genes that play a role in DNA repair. When cells undergo UV exposure  or mutagenic compounds that cause DNA damage, DNA damage will be detected when  the process of DNA replication occurs. DNA pol III will fail at  replicating  DNA, produce  a ssDNA. At that time, RecA protein binds to  another protein with ssDNA and continuing DNA replication  via homologous recombination. When RecA  protein binding to ssDNA the protein becomes active to cleavage protein LexA on  operator lead to transcription  genes  that play a role in the repair of damaged DNA [4] <br />
   Under normal condition, the LexA Protein  which is  a dimer protein binds to the  operator and represses  the transcription  process of genes that play a role in DNA repair. When cells undergo UV exposure  or mutagenic compounds that cause DNA damage, DNA damage will be detected when  the process of DNA replication occurs. DNA pol III will fail at  replicating  DNA, produce  a ssDNA. At that time, RecA protein binds to  another protein with ssDNA and continuing DNA replication  via homologous recombination. When RecA  protein binding to ssDNA the protein becomes active to cleavage protein LexA on  operator lead to transcription  genes  that play a role in the repair of damaged DNA [4] <br />
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<h5 align="center">Picture 3. Ilustration of Modul 2.</h5>
<h5 align="center">Picture 3. Ilustration of Modul 2.</h5>
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<p align="center"><img width="623" height="331" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/6d/ITB_Indonesia-SystemWork.jpg" /> <br />
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  Picture 4. How System Works<br />
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  Results of agarose gel electrophoresis  of restriction analysis and PCR results showed that the construct of the system  on module 2 has succeeded<br />
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  <img width="513" height="536" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/9/98/ITB_Indonesiacoba_clip_image004.jpg" /> <br />
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  Picture 5. Electroforegram from Analisis restriction  construct pSOS+GFP<br />
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  To check that the system in our  construct running or not, we test the construct   by exposured  E. coli containing  plasmid constructs  in UV light. Results  of fluorescence microscopy observations showed that the cells were carried out  for exposure to UV light produces a green fluoresence whereas control cells  that are not exposed to UV light do not produce fluoresence. It shows that the  system in modul 2 runs with a good  to  take  the DNA damage signal as a signal  for GFP gene expression<br />
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  <strong>results  of Gene Expression constructs pSOS + GFP + pSB1C3 (pSOSGC)</strong></p>
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<p align="center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/1/1d/ITB_Indonesia-Result.PNG" width="507" height="315" /></p>
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<p><strong>results  of Gene Expression constructs pUV + GFP + pSB1C3 (pUVGC)</strong></p>
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<p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/b/bd/ITB_Indonesia-Result-2.PNG" width="395" height="467" /></p>
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   <strong>Reference :</strong><br />
   <strong>Reference :</strong><br />
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   [1].  Guengerich FP (January 2008).  &quot;Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology&quot;.<em>Chem. Res. Toxicol.</em>&nbsp;<strong>21</strong>&nbsp;(1): 70–83<br />
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   [1].  Guengerich FP (January 2008).  &quot;Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology&quot;.<em>Chem. Res. Toxicol.</em>&nbsp;21&nbsp;(1): 70–83<br />
   [2]. Rawal, Summit., S. M. Yip, Shirley., Roger  A. Coulombe, Jr.2010. Cloning, Expression and Functional Characterization of  Cytochrome P450 3A37 from Turkey Liver with High Aflatoxin B1 Epoxidation  Activity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2010, 23, 1322–1329<br />
   [2]. Rawal, Summit., S. M. Yip, Shirley., Roger  A. Coulombe, Jr.2010. Cloning, Expression and Functional Characterization of  Cytochrome P450 3A37 from Turkey Liver with High Aflatoxin B1 Epoxidation  Activity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2010, 23, 1322–1329<br />
[3]. Michael P. Stone, Surajit Banerjee, Kyle L. Brown, and Martin Egli.  Chemistry and Biology of Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts</p>
[3]. Michael P. Stone, Surajit Banerjee, Kyle L. Brown, and Martin Egli.  Chemistry and Biology of Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts</p>
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<li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:ITB_Indonesia/Project/HowSystemWorks">How System Works</a></li>
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Latest revision as of 02:52, 28 September 2013

Aflatoxin Whole Cell Biocensor

Aflatoxin Whole Cell Biocensor  is a system to detect the presence of aflatoxin in the environment  by using E. coli strain BL21 as a chassis. There are two modules are used to compile the aflatoxin sensor systems. Module I is a module to activate aflatoxin.  Module II is a module which is used as a reporter system utilizing the SOS response in E. coli cells. When E. coli cells exposed to aflatoxin, aflatoxin  will enter the cell and activated by the system in module 1 form the active molecule. This molecules are not stable and will attack the DNA. DNA damage will activates the system at the  module II to produced green fluoresence protein as an output from module II system.

Modul I. Activation Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) become Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide

Alfatoxin is a mycotoxin that is carcinogenic and mutagenic. To be able to cause mutations or DNA damage, AFB1 must undergo activation by Cytocrhome P450 prior to Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide. Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide is the active form of AFB1 which can cause damage to DNA.

Cytochrome P450 is a superfamily  proteins that catalyze the activation of a variety of organic compounds such as intermediate compound in the metabolism proses, or xenobiotic compounds. Cytochrome P450 found in almost all domains of life except in E.coli. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is one member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of proteins derived from human. CYP3A4 has a native function to activate xenobiotic compounds in the human body, including aflatoxin [1].

In this module synthetic CYP3A4  gen [BBa_K1064004] from humans was used. CYP3A4 has a high efficiency to convert AFB1 into its active form (Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide). Doesn't like other types such as  CYP1A5  that much change AFB1 into Endo- AFB1-8,9-epoxide  (not active)  or even converted to AFM1 [2]. Naturally CYP3A4 is a membrane protein , so we cut the signal peptide to prevent CYP3A4 protein translocated to the cell membrane after translation. Localization CYP3A4  in cytosol is intended to only activate  AFB1 that had enter the cell so it'll reducing the error in measurement  aflatoxin concentration  in the environment. The activation of AFB 1 into Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide has been modeled.

 

Picture 1. Ilustration of  Modul I

 
Modul 2. Utilisizing SOS Response to Detection the Presence of Aflatoxin

Aflatoxin activated into  Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide by CYP3A4 as a catalyst. Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide is an unstable compound and could not be isolated. The compound can adduct DNA at guanine bases produce a compound trans-8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 and intercalated in DNA [3]. On the E. coli, DNA adduction by Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide cause transversion mutation of nucleotide bases G à T cell triggering of the SOS response.


Picture 2. DNA adduction by Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide

SOS Response is a response of E. coli to DNA damage. Mechanism of SOS respone to repair damaged DNA involving multiple gene. There are two types of proteins that are involved in the mechanism of the SOS response in E. coli, the LexA which is a repressor protein and RecA  which for  reducing the level of expression of the gene encoding LexA
Under normal condition, the LexA Protein which is  a dimer protein binds to the operator and represses  the transcription process of genes that play a role in DNA repair. When cells undergo UV exposure or mutagenic compounds that cause DNA damage, DNA damage will be detected when the process of DNA replication occurs. DNA pol III will fail at replicating  DNA, produce  a ssDNA. At that time, RecA protein binds to another protein with ssDNA and continuing DNA replication  via homologous recombination. When RecA protein binding to ssDNA the protein becomes active to cleavage protein LexA on operator lead to transcription  genes that play a role in the repair of damaged DNA [4]
SOS response system on module II is utilized to regulate the expression of the gene encoding GFP. DNA Damage due to attack by Exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide would trigger the SOS response,  for that it we utilizing the SOS promoter that regulates expression of the gene encoding GFP, so the presence of aflatoxin can be detected.



Picture 3. Ilustration of Modul 2.



Picture 4. How System Works
Results of agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction analysis and PCR results showed that the construct of the system on module 2 has succeeded

Picture 5. Electroforegram from Analisis restriction construct pSOS+GFP
To check that the system in our construct running or not, we test the construct  by exposured  E. coli containing plasmid constructs  in UV light. Results of fluorescence microscopy observations showed that the cells were carried out for exposure to UV light produces a green fluoresence whereas control cells that are not exposed to UV light do not produce fluoresence. It shows that the system in modul 2 runs with a good  to take  the DNA damage signal as a signal for GFP gene expression
results of Gene Expression constructs pSOS + GFP + pSB1C3 (pSOSGC)

results of Gene Expression constructs pUV + GFP + pSB1C3 (pUVGC)

Reference :
[1]. Guengerich FP (January 2008). "Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology".Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21 (1): 70–83
[2]. Rawal, Summit., S. M. Yip, Shirley., Roger A. Coulombe, Jr.2010. Cloning, Expression and Functional Characterization of Cytochrome P450 3A37 from Turkey Liver with High Aflatoxin B1 Epoxidation Activity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2010, 23, 1322–1329
[3]. Michael P. Stone, Surajit Banerjee, Kyle L. Brown, and Martin Egli. Chemistry and Biology of Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts

[4]. Shimoni Y, Altuvia S, Margalit H, Biham O (2009) Stochastic Analysis of the SOS Response in Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 4(5): e5363. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005363