http://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&feed=atom&action=historyTeam:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation - Revision history2024-03-29T14:07:07ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=293056&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:49, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:49:45Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:49, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 450px; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(progestin) = 100 ng/L. <br> Stars denote p < 0.001.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 450px; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(progestin) = 100 ng/L. <br> Stars denote p < 0.001.<br> Source: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3048834?journalCode=esthag"></ins>Runnalls et al. (2013)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></a></ins></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 1). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 2; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 1). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 2; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 615px; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 2</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(progestin) in the medium. Stars denote p = 0.02 for 1 ng/L Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 615px; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 2</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(progestin) in the medium. Stars denote p = 0.02 for 1 ng/L Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins.<br> Source: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3048834?journalCode=esthag"></ins>Runnalls et al. (2013)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></a></ins></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>Surface waters usually contain multiple progestins – therefore unexpected synergetic effects cannot be ruled out. Another problem is the accumulation of progestins in blood plasma of fish: Fick et al. (2010) found that the blood plasma of fish living near a STP had progestin concentrations near 12 ng/L while the surrounding water only contained 1 ng/L Levonorgestrel. Thus environmentally relevant concentrations of progestins (see above) might already have dramatic effects on reproductive success and population structures of fish. In that way progestins at presently occurring concentrations in surface waters might seriously damage aquatic ecosystems and disturb natural equilibriums – there might also be various additional effects along the food chain that have not been studied yet.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>Surface waters usually contain multiple progestins – therefore unexpected synergetic effects cannot be ruled out. Another problem is the accumulation of progestins in blood plasma of fish: Fick et al. (2010) found that the blood plasma of fish living near a STP had progestin concentrations near 12 ng/L while the surrounding water only contained 1 ng/L Levonorgestrel. Thus environmentally relevant concentrations of progestins (see above) might already have dramatic effects on reproductive success and population structures of fish. In that way progestins at presently occurring concentrations in surface waters might seriously damage aquatic ecosystems and disturb natural equilibriums – there might also be various additional effects along the food chain that have not been studied yet.</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=293034&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:48, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:48:15Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:48, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 450px; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(progestin) = 100 ng/L. Stars denote p < 0.001.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 450px; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(progestin) = 100 ng/L. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> </ins>Stars denote p < 0.001.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 1). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 2; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 1). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 2; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=293025&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:47, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:47:50Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:47, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">430px</del>; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(progestin) = 100 ng/L.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">450px</ins>; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(progestin) = 100 ng/L<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Stars denote p < 0.001</ins>.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 1). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 2; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 1). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 2; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=292936&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:43, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:43:07Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:43, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">615px</del>; width: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">460px</del>; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">29</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto</del>.png" style="position: relative; width: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">450px</del>; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Desogestrel and Gestodene </del>on female egg production <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">depending on </del>c(progestin) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in the medium. Stars denote p </del>= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.02 for 1 </del>ng/L <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins</del>.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">430px</ins>; width: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">610px</ins>; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">c</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">c7</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage</ins>.png" style="position: relative; width: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">600px</ins>; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">various progestins </ins>on female egg production<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>c(progestin) = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">100 </ins>ng/L.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">430px</del>; width: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">610px</del>; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">c</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">c7</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage</del>.png" style="position: relative; width: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">600px</del>; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 2</b>: Effect of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">various progestins </del>on female egg production<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>c(progestin) = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">100 </del>ng/L.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">615px</ins>; width: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">460px</ins>; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">29</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto</ins>.png" style="position: relative; width: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">450px</ins>; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 2</b>: Effect of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Desogestrel and Gestodene </ins>on female egg production <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">depending on </ins>c(progestin) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in the medium. Stars denote p </ins>= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.02 for 1 </ins>ng/L <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins</ins>.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>Surface waters usually contain multiple progestins – therefore unexpected synergetic effects cannot be ruled out. Another problem is the accumulation of progestins in blood plasma of fish: Fick et al. (2010) found that the blood plasma of fish living near a STP had progestin concentrations near 12 ng/L while the surrounding water only contained 1 ng/L Levonorgestrel. Thus environmentally relevant concentrations of progestins (see above) might already have dramatic effects on reproductive success and population structures of fish. In that way progestins at presently occurring concentrations in surface waters might seriously damage aquatic ecosystems and disturb natural equilibriums – there might also be various additional effects along the food chain that have not been studied yet.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>Surface waters usually contain multiple progestins – therefore unexpected synergetic effects cannot be ruled out. Another problem is the accumulation of progestins in blood plasma of fish: Fick et al. (2010) found that the blood plasma of fish living near a STP had progestin concentrations near 12 ng/L while the surrounding water only contained 1 ng/L Levonorgestrel. Thus environmentally relevant concentrations of progestins (see above) might already have dramatic effects on reproductive success and population structures of fish. In that way progestins at presently occurring concentrations in surface waters might seriously damage aquatic ecosystems and disturb natural equilibriums – there might also be various additional effects along the food chain that have not been studied yet.</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=292914&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:41, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:41:19Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:41, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">610px</del>; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(progestin) in the medium. Stars denote p = 0.02 for 1 ng/L Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">615px</ins>; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(progestin) in the medium. Stars denote p = 0.02 for 1 ng/L Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 2). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 1; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 2). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 1; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=292911&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:41, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:41:07Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:41, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">600px</del>; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(progestin) in the medium. Stars denote p = 0.02 for 1 ng/L Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">610px</ins>; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(progestin) in the medium. Stars denote p = 0.02 for 1 ng/L Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 2). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 1; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 2). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 1; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=292908&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:40, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:40:57Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:40, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">580px</del>; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(progestin) in the medium.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">600px</ins>; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(progestin) in the medium<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Stars denote p = 0.02 for 1 ng/L Gestodene and p < 0.001 for the highest concentrations of both progestins</ins>.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 2). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 1; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females (see Fig. 2). Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (see Fig. 1; Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=292876&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:39, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:39:07Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:39, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 580px; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Progestin</del>) in the medium.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 580px; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 1</b>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">progestin</ins>) in the medium.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females. Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(see Fig. 2)</ins>. Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">see Fig. 1; </ins>Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 430px; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 2</b>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Progestin</del>) = 100 ng/L.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 430px; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"><b>Fig. 2</b>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">progestin</ins>) = 100 ng/L.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>Surface waters usually contain multiple progestins – therefore unexpected synergetic effects cannot be ruled out. Another problem is the accumulation of progestins in blood plasma of fish: Fick et al. (2010) found that the blood plasma of fish living near a STP had progestin concentrations near 12 ng/L while the surrounding water only contained 1 ng/L Levonorgestrel. Thus environmentally relevant concentrations of progestins (see above) might already have dramatic effects on reproductive success and population structures of fish. In that way progestins at presently occurring concentrations in surface waters might seriously damage aquatic ecosystems and disturb natural equilibriums – there might also be various additional effects along the food chain that have not been studied yet.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>Surface waters usually contain multiple progestins – therefore unexpected synergetic effects cannot be ruled out. Another problem is the accumulation of progestins in blood plasma of fish: Fick et al. (2010) found that the blood plasma of fish living near a STP had progestin concentrations near 12 ng/L while the surrounding water only contained 1 ng/L Levonorgestrel. Thus environmentally relevant concentrations of progestins (see above) might already have dramatic effects on reproductive success and population structures of fish. In that way progestins at presently occurring concentrations in surface waters might seriously damage aquatic ecosystems and disturb natural equilibriums – there might also be various additional effects along the food chain that have not been studied yet.</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=292857&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:37, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:37:46Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:37, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 580px; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;">Fig. 1: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(Progestin) in the medium.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 580px; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">><b</ins>>Fig. 1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></b></ins>: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(Progestin) in the medium.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females. Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females. Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 430px; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;">Fig. 2: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(Progestin) = 100 ng/L.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: 430px; width: 610px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/Tue_Runnalls_Eiablage.png" style="position: relative; width: 600px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">><b</ins>>Fig. 2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></b></ins>: Effect of various progestins on female egg production, c(Progestin) = 100 ng/L.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>Surface waters usually contain multiple progestins – therefore unexpected synergetic effects cannot be ruled out. Another problem is the accumulation of progestins in blood plasma of fish: Fick et al. (2010) found that the blood plasma of fish living near a STP had progestin concentrations near 12 ng/L while the surrounding water only contained 1 ng/L Levonorgestrel. Thus environmentally relevant concentrations of progestins (see above) might already have dramatic effects on reproductive success and population structures of fish. In that way progestins at presently occurring concentrations in surface waters might seriously damage aquatic ecosystems and disturb natural equilibriums – there might also be various additional effects along the food chain that have not been studied yet.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>Surface waters usually contain multiple progestins – therefore unexpected synergetic effects cannot be ruled out. Another problem is the accumulation of progestins in blood plasma of fish: Fick et al. (2010) found that the blood plasma of fish living near a STP had progestin concentrations near 12 ng/L while the surrounding water only contained 1 ng/L Levonorgestrel. Thus environmentally relevant concentrations of progestins (see above) might already have dramatic effects on reproductive success and population structures of fish. In that way progestins at presently occurring concentrations in surface waters might seriously damage aquatic ecosystems and disturb natural equilibriums – there might also be various additional effects along the food chain that have not been studied yet.</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenBhttp://2013.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tuebingen/Project/Motivation&diff=292847&oldid=prevSvenB at 13:37, 4 October 20132013-10-04T13:37:08Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:37, 4 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>While exogenous progestins regulate mating behavior and reproductive processes endogenous progestins do regulate important steps like the first meiotic division in oogenesis (Miura et al., 2007) and spermatogenesis (Miura et al., 2006). Thereby, the activation of gametes by progestins is an essential prerequisite for the laying of eggs and fertilization. However, exaggerated exogenous progestin concentrations can have very adverse effects (Runnalls et al., 2013, DeQuattro et al., 2012, Zeilinger et al., 2009):</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">570px</del>; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;">Fig. 1: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(Progestin) in the medium.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><div style="padding: 10px; height: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">580px</ins>; width: 460px; background-color: #CCCCCC; margin: auto;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Tue_Runnals_DesogestGesto.png" style="position: relative; width: 450px; margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;">Fig. 1: Effect of Desogestrel and Gestodene on female egg production depending on c(Progestin) in the medium.<br> Source: Runnalls et al. (2013)</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females. Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>When Runnalls et al. (2013) exposed several fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) to progestin-contaminated water especially the progestins Levonorgestrel and Gestodene hat highly significant effects on the clutch size of females. Females that were exposed to rather high concentrations of Desogestrel (10 µg/L) completely stopped laying eggs – in contrast, even concentrations as low as 1 ng/L of Gestodene had a significant effect on clutch size (Runnalls et al., 2013). Furthermore, females started to develop male secondary sexual characteristics when exposed to 1 ng/L Gestodene (Runnalls et al., 2013). In another study on <i>P. promelas</i> Levonorgestrel heavily affected clutch size at concentrations below 1 ng/L and concentrations around 6.5 ng/L caused 51 % of follicles to become atretic (Zeilinger et al., 2009). Even embryonic development of fish is affected by progestins. In their study Zucchi et al. (2012) were able to show that especially brain development was affected by contaminant progestins in a negative way. In conclusion, even concentrations of contaminant progestin below environmentally relevant levels (see above) can affect sexual differentiation, clutch size, and may even disturb embryonic development of fish. Not only fish are harmed by progestins though. Contaminant progestins can also affect the sexual development of frogs (e.g. <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> and <i>X. laevis</i>) and cause sterility (Kvarnryd et al., 2011, Lorenz et al., 2011).</p></div></td></tr>
</table>SvenB