Team:Wageningen UR/Secondary metabolites

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<h1>Secondary metabolites</h1>
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<h2>An infinity field</h2>
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            <li id="li_tab1" onclick="tab('tab1')"><a>Introduction</a></li>
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            <li id="li_tab2" onclick="tab('tab2')" class="active"><a>Secondary metabolites</a></li>
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            <li id="li_tab3" onclick="tab('tab3')"><a>Toolbox</a></li>
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            <li id="li_tab4" onclick="tab('tab4')"><a>Host engineering</a></li>
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            <li id="li_tab5" onclick="tab('tab5')"><a>Summary</a></li>
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         <li class="fillfirst"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Why_Aspergillus_nigem">Why Aspergillus nigem?</a></li>
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         <li class="firstbgsm fill"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Why_Aspergillus_nigem">Why <i>Aspergillus nigem</i>?</a></li>
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         <li class="current">Secondary metabolites</li>
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         <li class="smbgsm current">Secondary metabolites</li>
         <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Lovastatin">Lovastatin</a></li>
         <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Lovastatin">Lovastatin</a></li>
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         <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Modeling">Modeling</a></li>
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         <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Chromoproteins">Chromoproteins</a></li>
         <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Chromoproteins">Chromoproteins</a></li>
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         <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Applications">Applications</a></li>
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         <li class="last"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Summary">Summary</a></li>
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        <li class="first fill"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Why_Aspergillus_nigem">Why <i>Aspergillus nigem</i>?</a></li>
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        <li class="smbg current">Secondary metabolites</li>
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        <li class="bgbg"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Lovastatin">Lovastatin</a></li>
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        <li class="bgsm"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Modeling">Modeling</a></li>
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        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Biosensors">Biosensors</a></li>
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        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>
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        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Chromoproteins">Chromoproteins</a></li>
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        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Host_engineering">Host engineering</a></li>
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        <li class="last"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Summary">Summary</a></li>
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        <li class="first fill"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Why_Aspergillus_nigem">Why <i>Aspergillus nigem</i>?</a></li>
 +
        <li class="smbgsm current">Secondary metabolites</li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Lovastatin">Lovastatin</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Modeling">Modeling</a></li>
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        <li class="smbg"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Biosensors">Biosensors</a></li>
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        <li class="bgbg"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>
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        <li class="bgsm"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Chromoproteins">Chromoproteins</a></li>
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        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Host_engineering">Host engineering</a></li>
 +
        <li class="last"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Summary">Summary</a></li>
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        <li class="first fill"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Why_Aspergillus_nigem">Why <i>Aspergillus nigem</i>?</a></li>
 +
        <li class="smbgsm current">Secondary metabolites</li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Lovastatin">Lovastatin</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Modeling">Modeling</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Biosensors">Biosensors</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Chromoproteins">Chromoproteins</a></li>
 +
        <li class="smbgsm"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Host_engineering">Host engineering</a></li>
 +
        <li class="last"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Summary">Summary</a></li>
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<div id="tab5">
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 +
        <li class="first fill"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Why_Aspergillus_nigem">Why <i>Aspergillus nigem</i>?</a></li>
 +
        <li class="smbgsm current">Secondary metabolites</li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Lovastatin">Lovastatin</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Modeling">Modeling</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Biosensors">Biosensors</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Chromoproteins">Chromoproteins</a></li>
 +
        <li><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Host_engineering">Host engineering</a></li>
 +
        <li class="last bg"><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Wageningen_UR/Summary">Summary</a></li>
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    </ul>
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</div>
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    <h1>Secondary metabolites</h1>
 
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    <h2>An infinity field</h2>
 
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== Natural products ==
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== Natural Products ==
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       <p>Secondary metabolites are the products of metabolism not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism. They meet the secondary requirements of the producing organisms, empower them to survive interspecies competition, provide defensive mechanisms and facilitate reproductive processes. Well known sources of secondary metabolites are plants, bacteria, fungi and marine organisms such as sponges, tunicates, corals and snails.</p>
       <p>Secondary metabolites are the products of metabolism not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism. They meet the secondary requirements of the producing organisms, empower them to survive interspecies competition, provide defensive mechanisms and facilitate reproductive processes. Well known sources of secondary metabolites are plants, bacteria, fungi and marine organisms such as sponges, tunicates, corals and snails.</p>
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== Extensive applications==
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== Well-known Medical Uses==
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<h3>Well-known medical uses</h3>
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     <p>Secondary metabolites are well-known as antimicrobials. Currently, many secondary metabolites have been proven to be effective as antibacterial or antifungal agents, anticancer drugs, cholesterol-lowering agents, immunosuppressants, antiparasitic agents, herbicides, diagnostics, and even tools for other researches.</p>
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     <p>Secondary metabolites are well-know as antimicrobials. Currently, many secondary metabolites have proved to be effective as antibacterial or antifungal agents, anticancer drugs, cholesterol-lowering agents, immunosuppressants, antiparasitic agents, herbicides, diagnostics, and tools for research. </p>
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<h3>Cholesterol-lowering agents</h3>
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    <p>Compactin was first reported as a cholesterol-lowering drug by Endo in 1985. The fungal fermentation products lovastatin produced by <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> and <i>Monascus ruber</i> was found to be highly effective in reducing serum cholesterol in humans, especially cholesterol LDL levels. Lovastatin is a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and blocks formation of all products of the mammalian polyisoprenoid pathway, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. </p>
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<h3>Exploiting the therapic potential from fungi</h3>
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<p>In addition to their known roles in combating disease, secondary metabolites reveal surprising additional activities which may be possible solutions to other treatment-lacked diseases. Many antibiotics, bacterial pigments, plant terpenoids,are also found to have anti-HIV, antitumor, anti-ageing, immunosuppressant, antiprotozoal and antihelminth activities, thus exhibiting multifarious applications in the sphere of medicine.</p>
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<p>Unraveling the novel applications of known secondary metabolites and exploiting a myriad of sources as microbes, plants and higher animals for screening new secondary metabolites are paving the way to treat “untreatable diseases”, and help reduce mortality rates. The study of those useful activities of secondary against life-threatening diseases may catalyze further efforts to apply them against other forms of human disease.</p>
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== paragraph title ==
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== Extensive Applications ==
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  <h3>Exploiting the therapeutic potential of fungi</h3>
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<p>In addition to their known roles in combating disease, secondary metabolites reveal surprising additional activities, which may be possible solutions to other treatment lacking diseases. Many antibiotics, bacterial pigments and plant terpenoids, are also found to have anti-HIV, antitumor, anti-ageing, immunosuppressant, antiprotozoal and antihelminth activities, thus exhibiting multifarious applications in the sphere of medicine.</p>
 +
<p>Unraveling the novel applications of known secondary metabolites and exploiting a myriad of sources as microbes, plants and higher animals for screening new secondary metabolites are paving the way to treat “untreatable diseases”, and help reduce mortality rates. The study of those useful activities of secondary metabolites against life-threatening diseases may catalyze further efforts to apply them against other forms of human disease.</p>
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Latest revision as of 22:11, 4 October 2013

Secondary metabolites

An infinity field

Natural Products

Secondary metabolites are the products of metabolism not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism. They meet the secondary requirements of the producing organisms, empower them to survive interspecies competition, provide defensive mechanisms and facilitate reproductive processes. Well known sources of secondary metabolites are plants, bacteria, fungi and marine organisms such as sponges, tunicates, corals and snails.

Well-known Medical Uses

Secondary metabolites are well-known as antimicrobials. Currently, many secondary metabolites have been proven to be effective as antibacterial or antifungal agents, anticancer drugs, cholesterol-lowering agents, immunosuppressants, antiparasitic agents, herbicides, diagnostics, and even tools for other researches.

Cholesterol-lowering agents

Compactin was first reported as a cholesterol-lowering drug by Endo in 1985. The fungal fermentation products lovastatin produced by Aspergillus terreus and Monascus ruber was found to be highly effective in reducing serum cholesterol in humans, especially cholesterol LDL levels. Lovastatin is a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and blocks formation of all products of the mammalian polyisoprenoid pathway, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Extensive Applications

Exploiting the therapeutic potential of fungi

In addition to their known roles in combating disease, secondary metabolites reveal surprising additional activities, which may be possible solutions to other treatment lacking diseases. Many antibiotics, bacterial pigments and plant terpenoids, are also found to have anti-HIV, antitumor, anti-ageing, immunosuppressant, antiprotozoal and antihelminth activities, thus exhibiting multifarious applications in the sphere of medicine.

Unraveling the novel applications of known secondary metabolites and exploiting a myriad of sources as microbes, plants and higher animals for screening new secondary metabolites are paving the way to treat “untreatable diseases”, and help reduce mortality rates. The study of those useful activities of secondary metabolites against life-threatening diseases may catalyze further efforts to apply them against other forms of human disease.

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