Team:KU Leuven/Project/E.coligy

From 2013.igem.org

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  <h3>Ecology</h3>
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<a href = "https://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/Project/Ecological/modeling">
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    <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/Project/Aphid_Background">
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     <h3>Aphid Background</h3>
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     <p>Crashcourse in aphid biology</p>
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      <p align="justify">Ultimately our project aims to reduce crop loss because of aphid infestation. Because of practical problems, it is impossible to conduct a field experiment for this. Therefore we attempt to predict the effect of our pheromones on the ecology through a series of modeling steps. At this page you will get a thorough explanation of these steps, software and results.</p>
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     <h3>Honeydew System</h3> </a>
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      <p align="justify">To do experiments with actual aphids and aphid predators we were invited by the companies Biobest and pcfruit to do our research there. On this page you will find more information on these experiments.</p>
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     <a href="#Methyl Salicylate"><h4>Methyl Salicylate</h4></a>
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    <a href="#Effect on plants"><p>Plants</p></a>
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    <a href="#Effect on aphids"><p>Aphids</p></a>
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    <p>BanAphid population oscillates!</p>
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    <h3>Goal with Methyl Salicylate</h3>
 
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    <p>Bacon ipsum dolor sit amet leberkas filet mignon capicola drumstick ham hock pastrami corned beef boudin tail hamburger spare ribs pancetta beef tenderloin. Biltong short loin flank bacon corned beef shank beef tail boudin sirloin pancetta kielbasa. Ribeye ham jerky boudin shank prosciutto pastrami, bresaola tenderloin tail flank venison sausage drumstick. Brisket bresaola short loin filet mignon pork. Jerky fatback cow, hamburger ball tip pig short ribs chicken turkey. Pork leberkas shoulder pork belly strip steak venison spare ribs bresaola.</p>
 
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     <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/Project/E.coligy">
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    <p>Figure 1ǀ Induced-resistance systems in plants</p>
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     <h3><i>E. coligy</i></h3>
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    <p>You are here!</p>
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Methyl salicylate (MeSA), a volatile ester, is normally absent in plants but is dramatically induced upon pathogen infection. It acts as a mobile or volatile inducer of SAR by carrying this ‘under attack’ signal to neighbouring plants, following hydrolysis by methyl esterase in it’s immediate surrounding. MeSA is synthesised by SA carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT).
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    <p align="justify">Predatory and parasitoid insects have a specialized sensory nervous system to detect their prey (Hatano et al, 2008). They use volatiles produced by the herbivores, reliable but at low concentration, or those produced by the plant to locate their prey. These latter are easily detectable, but are less reliable. To overcome the reliablility-detecability problem predators and parasitoids focus on the responses on stimuli created by specific interactions between the herbivore and its plant (Vet & Dicke, 1992). In response to an aphid attack, plants modify their volatile emissions and these changes are detected by the natural predators of aphids (Du et al, 1998).
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Host selection occurs in three phases: habitat localization, host localization and host acceptance (Vinson, 1976). Aphid natural enemies must first locate the aphid habitat, the host plant where aphids are present. Therefore, plant-derived volatiles are used, since evidence of aphid damage is acquired. One of the important herbivore-induced plant volatiles that are used by predators is methyl salicylate (MeS) (Zu & Park, 2005). The feeding of aphids on the plant induces the de novo production of salicylic acid (one of the main components in plant defence systems) which can then be metabolised into MeS (Birkett et al, 2000).
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Following habitat localization, natural enemies use short-range physical (colour, shape, movement of aphid) and chemical cues to search for a suitable herbivore on the host plant (Hatano et al, 2008). One of the chemical cues used by natural enemies of aphids is honeydew. Mostly, the natural enemies need physical contact with honeydew to change their behavior (Ide et al, 2007). In addition to aphid honeydew, the aphid alarm pheromone, (E)-β-Farnesene (EBF) is also an important semiochemical in aphid localization. It is secreted from the cornicle of many aphid species (Franscis et al, 2005) to alert surrounding aphids of the presence of natural enemies (Kunert et al, 2005). Detection of these short-range chemical cues does not lead to the aphid directly, but only indicates its presence, improving prey detection of the predators and parasitoids.
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Once an aphid is located, natural enemies have to recognize it as a potential prey before they attack it. For host recognition, non-volatile chemical cues are important, in particular contact with the cornicle wax on the surface of the aphids. Predators use their antennae or their mouthparts to recognize the prey. Parasitoids use probing to assess host quality before oviposition (Hatano et al, 2008).
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    <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/9/90/Ladybug_eating_aphid.png" alt="Ladybug eating aphid"/>
 
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    <p>Figure 7ǀ This ladybug has found an aphid.</p>
 
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    <p>Figure 8ǀ Aphids attacked by a parasitic wasp larva transform into a "mummy" and die.</p>
 
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    <p>All our achievements on one small page!</p>
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    <p align="justify">Plant resistance to biotrophic pathogens is classically thought to be mediated through SA signalling. Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic phytohormone, is involved in many functions such as mediating in plant defence against pathogens. SA induces the production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and is involved in the systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localised exposure to a pathogen. SAR is analogous to the innate immune system found in animals.
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The resistance observed following induction of SAR is effective against a wide range of pathogens and the activation of SAR requires the accumulation of endogenous SA. SA modifications such as methylation and amino acid conjugation provide biological specificity in plant defence responses (Loake et al. 2007).
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Methyl salicylate (MeSA), a volatile ester, is normally absent in plants but is dramatically induced upon pathogen infection. It acts as a mobile or volatile inducer of SAR by carrying this ‘under attack’ signal to neighbouring plants, following hydrolysis by methyl esterase in it’s immediate surrounding. MeSA is synthesised by SA carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT).</p>
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   <h3 class="bg-oscillator"><i>E. coligy</i></h3>
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  <p align = "justify">Our <B>BanAphids</B> produce <b>Methyl Salicylate (MeS) and E-β-farnesene (EBF)</b>, a phytohormone and a pheromone, respectively. This will offer the plants <b>a protection mechanism</b>. MeS will activate plant defence systems and attract natural aphid predators and parasitoids. Furthermore, EBF will repel aphids off the plant and, as a secondary effect, also attract natural aphid predators and parasitoids. MeS and EBF are naturally used in the communication between plants, predators and aphids. Consequentely, our <B>BanAphids</B> will blend into the ecosystem and enhance the communication between plants, predators and aphids.If you want to <b>expand your knowledge</b> about these natural occuring communication systems, you can read the <b><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/Project/Ecological/Background">background page</a></b>.<br/><br/>
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    <p>Figure 1ǀ Induced-resistance systems in plants</p>
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Various experiments with both plants and insects were performed by us. In the <b><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/Project/Ecological/wetlab">wetlab page</a></b>. This validates that our <b>BanAphids</b> will work as intended and allows us to optimise our system.</br></br>
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We also modelled the impact of our BanAphids on the environment, which can be found in the <b>Modelling tab</b>, under the under <b><a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/Project/Modelling/Ecosystem_Level">Ecosystem level</a></b>.The information obtained here is useful to plan field experiments and gives essential information to future costumers.
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Methyl salicylate (MeSA), a volatile ester, is normally absent in plants but is dramatically induced upon pathogen infection. It acts as a mobile or volatile inducer of SAR by carrying this ‘under attack’ signal to neighbouring plants, following hydrolysis by methyl esterase in it’s immediate surrounding. MeSA is synthesised by SA carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT).
 
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  <p><B>Aphid infested Rose plant</B> (Mauro Mandrioli)</p>
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    <p>Figure 2ǀ Red, yellow-green and green pea aphids.</p>
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      <p align="justify">The effects of MeS and EBF on the ecosystem are tested in the <b><i>E. coligy</i> wetlab</b> section. If you want to know more about what is already known about these components you are invited to check out this <b>background</b> page. We also <a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/Project/Modelling/Ecosystem_Level">modelled</a> the potential impact of our BanAphids on the ecosystem.</p>
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      <p align="justify">We wanted to perform <b>behavioural experiments with aphids and aphid predators</b> such as ladybugs and the green lacewing. Therefore we presented our project to several companies: <a href="http://www.biobest.be"><b>Biobest</b></a>, a worldwide leader in biological pollination and sustainable crop management, and <a href="http://www.pcfruit.be"><b>pcfruit</b></a>, a company focussing on new crop protection methods. They were both very enthousiastic about our project and we formed a collaboration with Biobest and pc fruit to carry out our <b><i>E. coligy</i> experiments</b> at their site. On this page you will find more information about these experiments.</p>
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Latest revision as of 19:05, 28 October 2013

iGem

Secret garden

Congratulations! You've found our secret garden! Follow the instructions below and win a great prize at the World jamboree!


  • A video shows that two of our team members are having great fun at our favourite company. Do you know the name of the second member that appears in the video?
  • For one of our models we had to do very extensive computations. To prevent our own computers from overheating and to keep the temperature in our iGEM room at a normal level, we used a supercomputer. Which centre maintains this supercomputer? (Dutch abbreviation)
  • We organised a symposium with a debate, some seminars and 2 iGEM project presentations. An iGEM team came all the way from the Netherlands to present their project. What is the name of their city?

Now put all of these in this URL:https://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/(firstname)(abbreviation)(city), (loose the brackets and put everything in lowercase) and follow the very last instruction to get your special jamboree prize!

tree ladybugcartoon

Aphid Background

Crashcourse in aphid biology

Honeydew System

Our BanAphids react to honeydew

Sticker System

BanAphid population oscillates!

E. coligy

You are here!

Parts

BioBrick 'm all!

Data Page

All our achievements on one small page!

Our BanAphids produce Methyl Salicylate (MeS) and E-β-farnesene (EBF), a phytohormone and a pheromone, respectively. This will offer the plants a protection mechanism. MeS will activate plant defence systems and attract natural aphid predators and parasitoids. Furthermore, EBF will repel aphids off the plant and, as a secondary effect, also attract natural aphid predators and parasitoids. MeS and EBF are naturally used in the communication between plants, predators and aphids. Consequentely, our BanAphids will blend into the ecosystem and enhance the communication between plants, predators and aphids.If you want to expand your knowledge about these natural occuring communication systems, you can read the background page.

Various experiments with both plants and insects were performed by us. In the wetlab page. This validates that our BanAphids will work as intended and allows us to optimise our system.

We also modelled the impact of our BanAphids on the environment, which can be found in the Modelling tab, under the under Ecosystem level.The information obtained here is useful to plan field experiments and gives essential information to future costumers.

Aphid infested Rose plant (Mauro Mandrioli)

Background

The effects of MeS and EBF on the ecosystem are tested in the E. coligy wetlab section. If you want to know more about what is already known about these components you are invited to check out this background page. We also modelled the potential impact of our BanAphids on the ecosystem.

Wetlab

We wanted to perform behavioural experiments with aphids and aphid predators such as ladybugs and the green lacewing. Therefore we presented our project to several companies: Biobest, a worldwide leader in biological pollination and sustainable crop management, and pcfruit, a company focussing on new crop protection methods. They were both very enthousiastic about our project and we formed a collaboration with Biobest and pc fruit to carry out our E. coligy experiments at their site. On this page you will find more information about these experiments.

Retrieved from "http://2013.igem.org/Team:KU_Leuven/Project/E.coligy"