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Sensing

Overview

The Idea of this module was to transform the bacterium with a plasmid that would contain a promoter which senses a specific signal. Once this promoter senses the signal, it would initiate transcription of an enzyme which degrades the nanocapsule, thus releasing its contents. We decided to use pH as the specific trigger that activates the promoter. As a proof of principle, we inserted three different promoters into three plasmids in front of the bio brick BBa_I746916 which encodes superfolded GFP. Then we transformed cells with these plasmids and let them grow in media with different pHs in order to check the expression.

Figure 1: A Graphical summary of what the sensing module contained. Each promoter was inserted into the same plasmid in front of GFP

Experiments

We chose the following three pH sensitive promoters:
1.) Hya-promoter, isolated from the Escherichia Coli K-12 MG1655 strain
2.) Cad-promoter, isolated from the Escherichia Coli K-12 MG1655 strain
3.) BioBrick BBa_J23119, a constitutive promoter that was made by the 2006 Berkley team.

Promoter Sequences

Figure 2: Sequence of the Hya promoter

Figure 3: Sequence of the Cad promoter

Figure 4: Sequuence of the constitutive promoter BBa_J23119

Restriction Digest

We digested the Plasmid containing the biobrick BBa_I746908 which would serve us as backbone for our constructs.

Figure 5: Sequuence of the constitutive promoter BBa_J23119

PCRs and Gibson Assemblies

All the promoters were isolated by PCR and then assembled into the pSB1C3 Plasmid in front of the superfolded GFP.

Figure 6: PCRs of the three Backbones

Figure 7: PCRs of the Hya and the Cad promoter

Figure 8: PCR of the constitutive promoter BBa_J23119

Then each of the constructs was used to transform DH5-alpha competent cells, which were first platd on chloramphenicol containing LB agar plates for selection of positive transformants and then incubated into media with different pHs.

We used four media:
1.) LB-Chloramphenicol with a final pH of 5 (Adjusted with 10X MOPS+HCl)
2.) LB-Chloramphenicol with a final pH of 6 (Adjusted with 10X MOPS)
3.) LB-Chloramphenicol with a final pH of 7 (Adjusted with water)
4.) LB-Chloramphenicol with a final pH of 8.5 ( with 10X HEPES)

For each medium we measured the OD of the cells. This helped us to establish if a low expression of GFP was really due to the fact that the promoters did not work or simply that the cells were dying before they could initiate transcription and translation of the proten. It also would tell us if an increase of fluorescence was only due to an accumulation of bacteria or to the actual acumulation of GFP.

OD measurements

Figure 9: OD measurements of Bacteria with the hya promoter in different media

Figure 10: OD measurements of Bacteria with the cadpromoter in different media

Figure 11: OD measurements of Bacteria with the constitutive promoter in different media

GFP expression was measured using a plate reader where we made three replicates for each promoter with each pH. Both the fluorescence as well as the 1:600 Absorbance was measured, in order to normalize the obtained fluorescence. Then, the average for each replicate was calculated and used to establish a curve depicting GFP expression within each medium.

GFP Measurements

Hya Promoter

Figure 12: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 5.5

Figure 13: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 6.5

Figure 14: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 7.0

Figure 15: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 8.5

Cad Promoter

Figure 16: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 5.5

Figure 17: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 6.5

Figure 18: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 7.0

Figure 19: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 8.5

Constitutive Promoter

Figure 20: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 5.5

Figure 21: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 6.5

Figure 22: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 7.0

Figure 23: Normalized Fluorescence at pH 8.5

The Cells were also looked at under a microscope to qualitatively study their GFP expression.

Hya Promoter

Figure 24: FRAC_image, exposure: 400ms, Multiplier 1, pH 6.5

Figure 25: FRAC_image, exposure: 400ms, Multiplier 1, pH 8.5

Figure 26: FRAC_image, exposure: 550ms, Multiplier 1, pH 7

Cad Promoter

Figure 27: FRAC_image, exposure: 400ms, Multiplier 50, pH 6.5

Figure 28: FRAC_image, exposure: 400ms, Multiplier 50, pH 8.5

Figure 29: FRAC_image, exposure: 400ms, Multiplier 50, pH 7

Constitutive Promoter (Positive Control)

Figure 30:FRAC_image, exposure: 400ms, Multiplier 1, pH 6.5

Figure 31: FRAC_image, exposure: 400ms, Multiplier 1, pH 8.5

Figure 32: FRAC_image, exposure: 400ms, Multiplier 1, pH 7

Expected outcome

The Promoters Hya and Cad were supposed to initiate transcription upon external acidification, which would then cause the bacteria to express superfolded GFP and turn bright green. The biobrick BBa_J23119, being a constitutive promoter, would turn the bacteria green independently of their medium. In respect to the project, the promoters would be inserted in front of a gelatinase so that the latter would be expressed upon arrival in an acidic medium. Here the bactrium would then secrete the gelatinase which would cause the degradation of the naonocapsule and the release of its contents.

Results

We successully managed to PCR amplify each of the three promoters as well as inserting them by Gibson Assembly into the pSB1C3 plasmid so that they would control the expression of superfolded GFP. The these assemblies were all successful, which was determined by sequencing the plasmid isolated from the positive trnasformants on the plate. This sequencing result showed a 100% match between the reference promoter sequence and the inserted sequence that the bacteria contained. Also, the bacteria containing the biobrick promoter had turned green on the plates as well as in liquid culture, which was just as expected.

Discussion

GFP expression under the hya and the cad promoters
From the measureents we made on the plate reader we were not able to conclude if the promoters are really induced at low pH as the cells died very quickly. This was also suported by the OD measurements we took. On those graphs one can see very clearly that the cells which are in the acidic media die almost immediately. Furhtermore there was some expression in both the neutral and the basic medium. This would indicate that the promoter is either a constitutive promoter or that it is inducible but leaky.
Comparing these graphs to the microscopy pictures one cannot say conclusively that the promoter is inducible by pH. Eventhough under the microscope there are only fluorescent bacteria at acidic pH the results from the plate reader clearly indicate that there are also fluorescent bacteria at neutral and high pH. One can see a trend though that for both the hya and the cad promoter the fluorescence is strongest at acidic pH and weakest at basic pH under the microscope. This trend cannot be seen in the PlateReader measurements, as the bacteria at low pH die before being able to express GFP.
Using the constitutive promoter as a positive control one can see that both hya and cad are weak promoters, as the fluorescence in the bacteria with the constitutive promoter is much stronger in acidic, neutral and basic media than the fluorescence in bacteria containing the hya or the cad promoter. Furthermore a comparison with the constitutive promoter again supports the hypothesis that the bacteria grow best at neutral pH, as there are much more bacteria at pH 7 and at pH 6.5 or 8.5.

Conclusion
Thus we can conclude that the hya promoter and the cad promoter work in the sense that they in fact induce expression of GFP. But from our data we were not able to conclusively say that they are inducible by low pH. Nevertheless we were able to show that they are weak promoters that can be used to express a protein that should be present in low concentrations.

With respect to our project
In order to be sure that hya and cad are induced only at low pH we would need to do further testing. As soon as their inducibility would be confirmed we would insert them by gibson assemly in front of either GelE gelatinase or MMP2 gelatinase. Upon arrival in a medium with pH bellow 7 the enzyme would be synthetised and released.

References:

Journal of Bacteriology
Response of hya Expression to External pH in Escherichia coli
Paul W. King and Alan E. Przybyla
J.Bacteriol. 1990

Journal of Bacteriology
Mutational analysis and charecterization of the Escherichia coli hya operin, which encodes [NiFe] hydrogenase1
N K Menon, J Robbins, J C Wendt, K T Shanmuagam and A E Przybyla
J. Bacteriol 1991
Journal of Bacteriology
Nucleotode Sequence of the Escherichiea coli cad Operon: a system for neutralization of Low Extracellular pH
Shi-Yuan meng and George N. Bennett
J. Bacteriol 1992

Journal of Bacteriology
Regulation of the Escherichia coli cad Operon: Location of a Site Required for Acid Induction
Shi-Yuan meng and George N. Bennett
J. Bacteriol 1992

Effecting

Overview

The goal of the effecting part of the project was to build a plasmid containing an arabinose-induceable promoter driving a tagged enzyme able to cleave gelatine, the polymer used to build our nanoparticles. We chose three different enzymes that would be inserted in part BBa_I746908, a pBAD promoter driving superfolder GFP, either between the promoter and GFP reporter or replacing the GFP, since having such a reporter at the end of a protein sometimes causes folding troubles. All of the constructs were designed to have a His tag in addition so we could extract and purify our expressed protein. The final desired result was bacteria transformed with the plasmid who glowed green and secreted our gelatine-degrading protein upon the addition of arabinose to the culture medium.

Strategy

The strategy we decided to go for to build our plasmids was the Gibson assembly technique. To perform this technique, complementary overlaps must first be added at the 5' and 3' ends of both our insert (GelE, MMP2 or MMP9 in this case) and backbone (BBa_I746908). These complemetary overlaps then bind together, inserting the insert at the desired position in the backbone. To do so, we planned to do PCR reactions whose primers contained: the overlap, a Histag and a part of the protein CDS for the inserts and the overlap and a part of the backbone CDS for the backbone. The final plasmids would have pBAD/araC-START-Histag-ProteinCDS-STOP or pBAD/araC-START-Histag-ProteinCDS-linker-GFP-STOP as a part.

Figure 33: Gibson assembly: Protein without GFP

Figure 34: Gibson assembly: Protein with GFP

Experiments

The three different enzymes that we chose to use were gelatinase E (gelE) from Gram positive bacterium E. faecalis, metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) from H. sapiens and metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) from M. musculus. We ordered the genomic DNA of E. faecalis as well as two plasmids from plasmid.med.harvard.edu containing the CDSs of MMP2 and MMP9.

PCR
We first amplified the CDS of our three proteins by PCR, using the primers described in the "Strategy" paragraph.

Figure 35: PCR: GelE insert

Figure 36: PCR: GelE backbone

Figure 37: PCR: MMP2 insert

Figure 38: PCR: MMP2 & MMP9 backbones

Figure 39: PCR: MMP9 insert

Then, we proceeded to a PCR purification.

Gibson Assembly
The next step was the Gibson assembly reaction which would put together the inserts and their corresponding backbone, thus assembling our constructs. The reaction was performed only for the constructs that were built to have the GFP reporter in the plasmid, the three other constructs were left aside. The assembly worked for both the GelE-GFP and MMP2-GFP constructs.

Figure 40: Gibson Assembly: GelE-GFP construct

Figure 41: Gibson Assembly: MMP2-GFP construct

Transformation and sequencing
We then transformed bacteria with the plasmids, isolated them and sent them for sequencing. The sequencing revealed the presence of an unexpected STOP codon just before the start of the GFP sequence. We still performed the glowing assay by adding 50ul of 20% arabinose to the 5ml culture medium in which we had grown the transformed bacteria overnight but the result came out negative.

Western Blot
The next assay to test the expression and secretion of our fusion proteins was a Western Blot, performed on the medium and cell lysate fractions of our liquid cell culture. The antibody used to detect our protein was an anti-His tag antibody, which was supposed to detect the his tag that had been added to the CDS of our fusion proteins. This assay unfortunately also came out negative. Also, we were unable to check for the presence of the His tag with the sequencing because the primers we used to do it were the same as for the Gibson. Thus, the sequencing starts a bit downstream of the primers, not sequencing them. PICTURE OF OVERLAP SEQUENCES

His-tag purification and SDS-PAGE
As a last resort, a His tag purification method under native conditions using a Ni-NTA spin kit was performed. The native conditions were chosen because we wanted to perform a digestion assay with the purified protein on the nanoparticles to assess their digestion capacities. The lysates, flow-through, wash and final eluate (supposed to contain the purified protein) were kept and analysed with a NanoDrop before being used for an SDS-PAGE. The NanoDrop revealed that the eluates contained no protein, but that the wash fraction contained about 0.4 mg/ml of protein. The two possible reasons for this were: 1) the His tag was not properly added to the protein CDS (PCR mutation, ...) or 2) the His tag was hidden in the protein structure and could not bind to the column since the purification was done under native conditions. Therefore, the SDS-PAGE could reveal the presence of our protein by comparing the SDS-PAGE results of the protein from the arabinose-induced cell culture and those from the un-induced cells (negative control). Unfortunately, the experiment did not work due to a Coomassie stain issue: nothing could be visualized.

Discussion and Future

We unfortuately could not come to a satisfying final result in the effecting part of the project because we could not prove that the plasmids actually conferred to the bacteria the ability to secrete a gelatine-degrading protein. We could still perform the digestion assay with the wash fraction of the Ni-NTA purification to see whether a gelatine-degradig protein is indeed present in it. Also, the next experiment would be to redo the SDS-PAGE on the remaining of the Ni-NTA purification.