Supplement to M13 "shuriken" project

M13 plasmid construction

In order to construct a plasmid that enables inducible release of M13 phage and can be transported by a phage particle, we combined M13 genome lacking g2p promoter (derived from M13mp18 phage vector), pSB3K3 backbone and lux promoter. The plasmid has 2 different types of replication origins: M13 origin and pSB origin (p15A). The size of the plasmid is 9130 bp (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Our designed plasmid constrction (Plux)

Replication machinery of M13 origin

M13 origin is composed of four hairpin loops of 177 nucleotides of a single stranded DNA. The hairpin is divided to two areas of different functions: – strand origin and + strand origin (Fig. 2). – strand origin is needed for a + strand DNA to be a double stranded DNA. Besides, + strand origin is needed for production of a + strand DNA from a double stranded DNA. – strand DNA is synthesized by host’s RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase. + strand synthesis is triggered by G2p nickase, M13 plasmid-coded protein. The new synthesized + strand DNA can be double stranded DNA again.

Fig. 2. Functioin of M13 origin

Phage release regulation

+ strand DNA has another function; it can assembly a phage particle. To regulate release of a phage particle, we altered the promoter upstream of g2p to lux promoter, which is an AHL-inducible promoter. Only with M13 origin, however, if the promoter is repressed, not only phage release but also DNA replication are inhibited (Fig. 3-1). To solve this problem, we introduced pSB origin (Fig. 3-2). Therefore, M13 origin and lux promoter can be used as a trigger of phage release because pSB origin amplifies DNA.

Fig. 3-1. and Fig. 3-2.

References

Model, P., Russel, M. :in The Bacteriophages (ed. Calendr, R.), 2, pp.375-456, Plenum (1988)

Rasched, I., Oberer, E. :Microbiol. rev., 50, 401-427 (1986)

Horiuchi, K.:Jpn. J. Genet., 65, 225-241 (1990)

Wickner, W., Brutlag, D., Scheckman, R., Kornberg, A. :Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 965-969 (1972)

Geider, K., Kornberg, A. :J. BIol. Chem., 249, 3999-4005 (1974)

Horiuchi, K., Zinder, N.D. :Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73, 2341-2345 (1976)

Gray, C.P., Sommer, R., Polke, C., Beck, E., Schaller, H. :Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 50-53 (1978)

Meyer, T.F., Geider, K., Kruz, C., Schaller, H. :Nature. 278, 365-367 (1979)

M13 phage assembly and infection

Phage assembly

A hairpin loop of a single stranded DNA (+ strand) is necessary for M13 phage assembly. The sequence that forms hairpin loop is called “packaging sequence”. G5p, a single-strand binding protein, protects the single stranded DNA (Fig. 4). Coat proteins and pore proteins are all embedded in cell membranes before assembly. The phage particle is primarily assembled from G7p and G9p, two types of coat proteins, which act on the hairpin loop. In the course of the assembly, G5p proteins are replaced with G8p proteins, which form the major part of a phage particle (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4. The start of phage assembly

Fig. 5. G5p proteins replaced with G8p proteins

Phage infection

M13 phage infects only F+ strains, which possess F pili. First, G3p, one of the coat proteins, binds to an F pilus (Fig. 6). Second, the F pilus contracts; the phage approaches the host’s membrane. Finally, one of the domains of G3p binds to TolA, one of the host’s membrane proteins.

Fig. 5. Adsorption to the pilus and TolA

References

Marvin, D.A. & Hohn, B. (1969) Bacteriol. Rev., 33, 172-209.

Rasched, I. & Oberer, E. (1986) Microbiol. Rev., 50, 401-427.

Eckert, B. & Schmid, F.X. (2007) J. Mol. Biol., 373, 452-461.

Houbiers, M.C. & Hemminga, M.A. (2004) Mol. Membr. Biol., 21, 351-359.