Team:Hong Kong HKUST/hp/article/kr

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South Korea<ul></li>
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Modeling
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<a href=#1>Overview</a>
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<a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab/status">Market</a>
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<a href=#2>Synbio Map</a>
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<a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Hong_Kong_HKUST/hp/article/compare">Comparison</a>
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<h2 class="centered">Components</h2>
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<h2 class="centered">South Korea</h2>
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<h3>Overview</h3>
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In this country profile, information of synthetic biology in South Korea is compiled from different on-line sources such as government website, official government annual reports, news articles, and reviews. Searches were conducted in both English and Korean media. This country profile contains information about different aspects of synthetic biology in Korea, including regulation, research, people, perception, and organization. However as specific classification of work under the moniker of ‘synthetic biology’ is still uncommon in South Korea, wherever a specific aspect of information cannot be found described under synthetic biology, we have obtained the same information under the wider field of ‘biotechnology’. Information about biotechnology may be inferred to see the general growth trend of synthetic biology and its future development. In fact, biotechnology research institutes and companies are the ones that are most likely to adopt the synthetic biology approach (Hranueli, 2013).
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<h5>Requirements</h5>
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For the device to detect toxins requires a continuous culturing of Shewanella biofilms around the working electrode of a half microbial fuel cell. Food and water samples must also be continually supplied within the reactor. The reactor must emulate the surface area and volume of the glass reactors we used in the Angenent Laboratory for characterization. Finally, the device must be able to be sterilized  and allow for sterile loading of Shewanella within the reactor at start-up.
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In general, synthetic biology is a small but rapidly growing field in Korea. This trend is guided by a comprehensive plan called the Bio-Vision 2016. In 2006, the Korean government announced the Bio-Vision 2016 as a 10 year plan aimed at developing Korea’s biotechnology capabilities into making the nation a leader in the field. Needless to say, this has also allowed synthetic biology to gain a foothold in Korea (Cho, 2006)
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<h5>Design</h5>
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The design went through several iterations during the semester. After multiple home-design options, we concluded a 100 ml volume cylinder composed of polycarbonate and sealed with silicone sealant. Two graphite electrodes  (a working and counter electrode) and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Five ports on each end of the reactor were included to allow sterile loading, food feed, and electrodes.
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<h5>Material Selection</h5>
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Because we are detecting current, the entire composition of the reactor needs to be non-conductive except for the electrodes. The polycarbonate structure accomplishes this requirement in addition to being durable and chemically resistant. Graphite electrodes were used since other metals could be potentially toxic to Shewanella. The Ag/AgCl electrode was constructed using an impact-resistant glass which is resistant to corrosion.
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<h5>Assembly</h5>
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We machined the polycarbonate housing in the Emerson Machine shop in Rhodes Hall. Graphite electrodes were ordered from McMaster, and the reference electrodes were constructed by a professional glass blower in Olin Chemistry Hall. The components were sealed using silicone sealant in our Weill Hall laboratory space. Testing was performed with sterile water to ensure a leak proof construction was achieved
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<h3>Synbio Map</h3>
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The SynBio Map identifies and locates companies, universities, research institutions, laboratories and other centers across the globe that are active in synthetic biology research ("Synthetic biology project:," ). It is a good tool to compare the trend of synthetic biology all round the world. This map was created at the Synthetic Biology Project at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.<br>
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<h3>Filtration</h3>
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On the map, 5 entries are located in South Korea. Three of them, two universities and one company, are near or in Daejeon, and two universities are located in Ulsan. This map may not depict an accurate picture of synthetic biology in Korea because some institutes such as Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology are not listed in the map. This may be due to the fact that information for the map is gathered from official websites, scientific literature, government reports, and journals etc. If the available information was not in English, it could have been hard for the organization to compile the data ("Synthetic biology project," ).
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/9/92/Korea_synbiomap_2.png"></center><br>
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From an environmental safety perspective, the filters were one of the most important components. We required
+
Nevertheless, the growth of synthetic biology in South Korea is still somewhat represented by the map. It had no entries for South Korea in 2009, but that has increased to five entries this year.<br>
-
filters which could completely prevent microbes from entering or leaving the system. This constraint requires
+
-
extremely reliable,  and ultrapurifcation quality filters.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Design</h5>
+
-
After researching, we ultimately chose the SWT  0.1 Micron Absolute Rated Filter. Given the diameter of most
+
-
bacteria ranges from  0.2-2.0 micron, and the absolute 100% rating of the filter, the filter easily qualified.  
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Materials</h5>
+
-
The filter cartridges are composed of 100% polypropylene membranes which have a failure rating of 65 PSI.  
+
-
Additionally, their lifetime are rated at 200 gallons, which equates to nearly 5 years of continuous operation
+
-
at 0.3 ml/min.  
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Assembly</h5>
+
-
The filters were housed in a polycarbonate framing with threading leading to an inlet and outlet stream.  
+
-
 
+
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="row">
-
<div class="nine columns">
+
<div class="nine columns"><p id="3"></p>
-
<h3>Pumps</h3>
+
 
-
<br>
+
<h3>Participation in the iGEM Competition</h3>
-
<h5>Requirements</h5>
+
Not many Korean universities have been participating in the iGEM competition. From 2004 to 2012, only four Korean universities participated in the competition. Considering that there are 203 universities listed in the Korean Council for University Education website, 4 out of 203 universities is in fact a small proportion ("Synthetic biology based," ).<br><br>
-
Continuous monitoring requires a steady inflow of sample fluid to be supplied to the bioreactor. Given an
+
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/ef/Korea_participation_in_the_igem_competition_1.png"><br><br><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/a/ad/Hellowww.png"></center><br>
-
operational lifespan of at least 6 months using battery power supplemented with solar also required a low
+
The four universities are Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Korea University, Korea Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST) , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. Sogang University registered in 2012, but withdrew from the competition ("Synthetic biology based," ).  
-
power draw. Finally the flow rates required for a 100 ml continuous flow reactor are less than 1 ml/min.  
+
<br><br>
-
<br>
+
Out of the four universities CBNU has been most actively participating in the competition. It was the first Korean university and also one of the first Asian universities to participate. They first entered the iGEM competition in 2006, but did not participate again until 2009. They have participated every subsequent year. Korea University joined the competition in 2009 and KAIST in 2010, and both have competed regularly since. UNIST competed in 2011 and did not return the following year ("Synthetic biology based," ).<br>  
-
<h5>Design</h5>
+
-
After researching low power draw pumps, we decided on the Bartels Mikrotechnik mp6 Micropump. The pump uses two
+
 
-
extremely small actuators which increase the flow of the fluid with a greater frequency supplied to the pump.  
+
-
Since the flow rates are so small, the pressure head associated with the filters does not exceed the 600 mbar
+
-
maximum. A mp6-EVA electronic controller was also purchased from Bartels which allows external tuning of flow rate.
+
-
The original controller can only be supplied with at 2.5-5 V voltage source, so a step-down was necessary to be
+
-
compatible with the battery inside the device.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Material</h5>
+
-
Contamination and corrosion are always a concern in continuous operation. A benefit of the mp6 micropump is that
+
-
all surface in contact with the fluid is PPSU (polyphenylsulfone) , a heat and chemical resistant plastic.  
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Assembly</h5>
+
-
The micropumps were received in June to perform autoclaving testing on the parts. In October, after the remainder
+
-
of the device was assembled, the micro pumps were put online in the device and confirmed the ability to supply
+
-
continuous flow through the entire device including the two filters, mixer, reactor and piping.  
+
-
</div>
+
-
<div class="three columns">
+
-
+
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="row">
-
<div class="three columns">
+
-
+
<div class="nine columns"><p id="4"></p>
 +
 
 +
<h3>Biotechnology Industry</h3>
 +
A survey about biotechnology market in Korea published by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, and Korea Biotechnology Industry Organization was available on-line. The statistics provided in the review may not relate directly to synthetic biology, but could provide some insight on the potential development of synthetic biology considering the fact that synthetic biology has wide applications in biotechnology industries (Hranueli, 2013). 
 +
<br><br>
 +
The report states that in 2011, out of 921 biotechnology businesses that responded to the survey, the three main biotechnology industries were biopharmaceutical industry (274), biochemistry industry (196), and biofood industry (206). Other biotechnology industries include bioenvironmental industry, bioenergy industry, and bioelectronics industry etc ("Domestic biotechnology industry," 2013).
 +
<br><br>
 +
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/d/de/Korea_biotechnology_industry_1.png"></center><br>
 +
The report also suggests that biotechnology business in Korea is growing. In 2011, around 35,600 people were employed in the biotechnology industry and within that group around 22,100 people were researchers. This number represents a 3.4% increase compared to the number of researchers (21357) in 2010. Also, the total market value of biotechnology industry in 2009 was around US $4.0 billion, growing annually at 17.6%. In 2011, the total market value had risen to US $5.5 billion ("Domestic biotechnology industry," 2013).<br>
 +
<br><center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/9/9b/Korea_biotechnology_industry_2.png"></center><br>
 +
 
 +
Only one Korean company, Bioneer, is listed in the SynBio map inventory. Bioneer has gene synthesizing technology that is the foundation for synthetic biology ("Synthetic biology project,").<br>
</div>
</div>
-
<div class="nine columns">
+
 
-
<h3>Piping and Instrumentation</h3>
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Requirements</h5>
+
-
To connect each component of the system including the filters, food tanks, sample ports, and
+
-
mixer requires a leak-proof, durable system. Additionally we required methods to calibrate the
+
-
flow rate of the fluids throughout the device, so pressure gauges and flow meters are necessary. 
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Design</h5>
+
-
After several drafts, our ultimate design was combination of 304/316 stainless steel piping, valves,
+
-
and adapters. FEP durable plastic tubing was used for connections between filters and ports  which
+
-
require flexibility when servicing or reparing the device. A stainless steel in-line passive mixer was
+
-
included to avoid power drains from mechanical mixing. Two pressure gauges were included along the wetted
+
-
path to provide readings for calibration. Two 0.01-4 ml/min flow meters were added as well. The fluid can
+
-
be diverted from the calibration system using a 3-way diverter valves. Precision needle valves were included
+
-
after the feed out from both micropumps to control flow rate.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Materials</h5>
+
-
Both stainless-steel and fluorinated ethylene propylene plastics are sturdy and corrosion resistant. All fittings in the system were also 304/316 stainless steel. In summary, these components allow an extremely tight-fitting system which should avoid leaks for extended operations
+
-
<br>
+
</div>
</div>
-
</div>
 
<div class="row">
<div class="row">
-
<div class="nine columns">
+
<div class="nine columns"><p id="5"></p>
-
<h3>Food Tanks</h3>
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Requirements</h5>
+
-
Food storage vessels for long-term field deployment must be durable, corrosion resistant, and autoclavable to
+
-
prevent initial contamination. To avoid damage to electronic components necessitates a leak-proof design.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Design</h5>
+
-
A battery of six one liter cylinders was chosen for its modularity and ease of fabrication.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Material Selection</h5>
+
-
The choice of materials depended on the cost and durability of that material. Since we have
+
-
had prior experience with polycarbonate, we decided it would be best to continue to use
+
-
polycarbonate as the material for the containers. Polypropylene was used for the end caps
+
-
because it was chemically resistant and cheap.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Assembly</h5>
+
-
The food tanks were all machined in-house at the Rhodes Hall Machine shop. The
+
-
polycarbonate clear tubing was glued together with the polypropylene via a super silicone
+
-
sealant adhesive to form a clean and strong seal.
+
-
</div>
+
<h3>Biotechnology Industry Funding</h3>
-
<div class="three columns">
+
We present information of biotechnology funding as a whole. ‘Bio-Vision 2016’, the second Korean national framework plan for the promotion of biotechnology, is currently under way. Under this plan the Korean government will provide around US $9.7 billion in 2012 to 2016 for expanding local biotechnology industries. This pledge was reaffirmed by the prime minister during the Bio-Korea 2012 conference held in Seoul. The plan also mentions that the government should increase support for the development of synthetic biology. Additional details, however, are not provided in the framework. The Ministry of Health and Welfare mentioned that the government would eagerly support the development of biotechnology in terms of policies and international collaboration (Lee, 2012).
-
+
<br><br>
-
</div>
+
In addition, private funding in 2011 was round US$ 1.3 billion. This value represents a 26.6% increase compared to the US$ 1.02 billion generated in 2010. 89.9% of the total fund is from the three major biotechnology industries in Korea which are biopharmaceutical (63.8%), biochemistry (13%), and biofood industry (12.5%) ("Domestic biotechnology industry," 2013).
 +
<br><br>
 +
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/9/91/Korea_biotechnology_industry_funding_1.png"></center><br>
 +
</div>
</div>
 +
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="row">
-
<div class="three columns">
+
 +
<div class="nine columns"><p id="6"></p>
-
</div>
+
<h3>Regulations for Synthetic Biology</h3>
-
<div class="nine columns">
+
In South Korea there is no specific set of regulations designated just for synthetic biology. There is, however, an act called the “Biotechnology Support Act” that can promote the lawful development of synthetic biology in Korea. The purpose of this Act is to effectively support biotechnology in Korea by laying the foundation of biotechnology research ultimately to contribute to the sound development of the national economy. This Act states that the Korean government will make efforts to promote international cooperation in biotechnology researches, promote joint researches within Korea, take policy measures to support biotechnology research, and collect information for  technology development("Biotechnology support act," 2008).   
-
<h3>Housing</h3>
+
<br><br>
-
<br>
+
There is also a law called “Transfer of Living Modified Organisms Law (LMO Law) that can partially regulate the bio-safety aspect of synthetic biology. LMO Law was first written in 2001 by the Department of Knowledge and Economy under the Korean government. The term Living Modified Organism defined in the Law is very comprehensive and can cover organisms made in synthetic biology research. This law states that before an extensive application of a research, the possible environmental effect of the LMO need to be predicted. Because synthetic biology, however, often produces novel synthetic microorganisms, the environmental effects of the novel microorganism are hard to predict. Modification of LMO Law or a new law, therefore, is required to encompass the whole aspect of synthetic biology (Kim, 2010).  
-
<h5>Requirements</h5>
+
<br><br>
-
The requirements that we found necessary for the chassis to operate were keeping it water-proof and impact resistant.   Ultimate deployment would be in harsh environments and necessitates protective measures to prevent water supply from damaging electronic components
+
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/6d/Korea_regulation_for_synthetic_biology_1.png"></center><br>
-
<br>
+
Also, Korea does not have a method for estimating the environmental effects that the LMO can cause and therefore, rely largely on foreign investigations. Such a method will be needed if South Korea begins to develop more drastically altered LMOs (Kim, 2010). <br>
-
<h5>Design</h5>
+
 
-
The design went through several iterations during the semester. After multiple home-design options, we concluded a Pelican heavy duty case would provide the support and safety we required. Not only was it sturdy and water-proof, but it was also large enough to be buoyant in water with up to 180 lbs of load.  
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Material Selection</h5>
+
-
The  polycarbonate material for the Pelican case was ideal in terms of stress and other parameters to handle the harsh wilderness.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Assembly</h5>
+
-
Modifications to the Pelican case were performed to meet the  of electrical components and supply of water  samples to device. A 15 W solar panel was retrofitted to the lid  of the case to provide replenish power supply. Inlet/outlet ports were drilled  to  allow piping system coming out of the top to serve as inlet and outlet ports for the water to enter and exit the device.  A joint piece between the solar panel and power adapter was fabricated to serve as waterproofing connections from the Pelican case. Aluminium honey-comb plating was included and cut to size using water-jetting to act as both a housing for food tanks and batteries, and provide structural suppor.  
+
-
<br>
+
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="row">
-
<div class="nine columns">
+
<div class="nine columns"><p id="7"></p>
-
<h3>Power</h3><br>
+
-
<h5>Requirements</h5>
+
-
To be deployable for the of target six months of operations requires an autonomous electrical source
+
<h3>Perception of Synthetic Biology</h3>
-
in the wild without human repair or maintenance, recharge and store energy for extended periods of time.
+
Scientists<br>
-
A rugged device must also be able to survive bear attacks and tree falls, all while being environmentally
+
Academic synthetic biology projects are gaining serious traction in Korea, with only 2 such projects in 2009 increasing to around 200 project in 2013. More scientists are also being involved in synthetic biology research("National science and," ).
-
friendly and light enough to allow for floatation.
+
<br><br>
-
<br>
+
Government<br>  
-
<h5>Design</h5>
+
The Korean government has regularly supported new technologies that integrate different disciplines. As an example of this kind of technology, synthetic biology has received extensive support and promotion by the government as outlined by the Bio-Vision 2016 plan. Korea’s government will continue to increase investments in biotechnology and expand the technology and its market (Kim, 2010).
-
    After a series of designs, we chose a LPG Series gel electrolyte valve-regulated lead acid battery
+
<br><br>
-
(LPG12-100) from Leoch with a 15W mono-crystalline solar power panel from Instapark. While lead acid
+
Public<br>
-
batteries have the highest charge time and the lowest specific energy density, they are by far the  
+
No study specifically regarding the perception of synthetic biology by the public has been conducted in Korea. It is therefore hard to judge how prevalent the concept of synthetic biology is to the general public. Sections of the Bio-Vision 2016 plan mention that efforts will be put into promoting the safe application of biotechnology. Meanwhile other events that help the general public understand synthetic biology include the 4th Bio-safety and Bio-industry Debate Competition for high school students in Korea, held by the Korea Biosafety Clearing House on April 15th of this year. One of the debates discussed the topic of synthetic biology being used to further the efforts of biotechnology. 436 high school students all around Korea participated in the competition (KBCH, 2013)
-
most reliable and durable batteries. Commonly used in boats and in conjunction with solar systems,  
+
<br><br>
-
they are reliably sealed, well characterized, and easy to charge and operate with microcontrollers and
+
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/64/Korea_peception_of_synthetic_biology_1.png"></center><br>
-
other complex circuitry. With a wide operating temperature, the model is also insensitive to occasional
+
A 26-item questionnaire survey conducted in 2010 designed to measure high school students’ perception in biotechnology revealed that students had a generally positive toward the use of biotechnology on crops, and microbes, but were wary about the use of biotechnology products on animals and humans. This study also revealed that male students were more accepting biotechnology than female students (Song & Shim, 2010)<br>
-
deep discharge and has a high charge acceptance, key features for unpredictable solar recharge conditions
+
   
-
in the field. It is shock and vibration resistant and can be used in any orientation. Out of all the proposed
+
-
systems, this model also provided the best current output and voltage necessary to power the rest of our
+
-
mechanical and electrical parts. It also came cheap.  The maximum current draw of the battery is 0.89A and
+
-
was shipped with a 12V charger controller, which prevents overcharging.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Materials</h5>
+
-
    We were greatly concerned with the toxicity of some gel lead acid batteries, which is why our initial
+
-
prototype actually did not feature one. However, other less toxic battery systems are not as robust and
+
-
have a smaller operating temperature range, with some prone to short-circuiting. Valve-regulated and
+
-
tightly sealed, all components of the LPG12-100 are fully recycle and specially designed for outdoor usage.
+
-
The solar power panel has its mono-crystalline solar cells embedded in transparent vinyl acetate behind
+
-
tempered glass with heavy back sheet.
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Assembly</h5>
+
-
We would like to give a special thanks to Professor Bruce Land, a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical
+
-
and Computer Engineering at Cornell, for his advice and guidance. The battery was easily integrated into the
+
-
  chassis of the device without alterations.
+
</div>
</div>
-
<div class="three columns">
+
</div>
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="nine columns"><p id="8"></p>
 +
 
 +
<h3>Research, People & Organizations</h3>
 +
<h5>Research</h5>
 +
208 projects related to synthetic biology are currently registered in National Science and Technology Service website, representing a great increase considering that only 2 entries were found in 2008. The two largest contributors to synthetic biology research are the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) with 41 projects and Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) with 17 project entries. Most of the projects are related to protein engineering and bioenergy technologies ("National science and," )
 +
<br><br>
 +
<h5>People</h5>
 +
According to the National Science and Technology Service website, the most active researchers in synthetic biology are Seung Goo Lee and Sung Kuk Lee, with 13 and 12 projects respectively. The following table is the personal profile of these two researchers and other scientists in the field of synthetic biology.
 +
<br><br>
 +
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/0/0a/Korea_Reserach_Organization_People_compiled.png" style="width:85%;"></center><br>
 +
 
 +
<h5>Organizations, Research Institutes, and Companies</h5>
 +
There are few organizations, research institutes, and companies that are specifically established for synthetic biology. Also, Korean Society for Synthetic Biology exists, though it has no official identity or web presence. In addition, there are five institutes directly related to synthetic biology and are listed in the SynBio map. ("Synthetic biology project:," ).
 +
<br><br>
 +
Some organizations, research institutes, and companies are not listed in the SynBio map. This is probably because they have a synthetic biology department under a larger biotechnology institute. For example, under the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, there is the Biochemical and Synthetic Biology Research Center.
 +
<br><br>
 +
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/22/Korea_Reserach_Organization_People_2.png"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/5/50/Korea_Reserach_Organization_People_3_%282%29.png" style="width:40%;"></center><br>
 +
As of November 2010, 70 biotech companies are listed on KOSPI and KOSDAQ, two separate Korean stock exchanges. This includes Bioneer Corp., a biotech company that is listed on the SynBio map. It is the only one of those 70 companies that specifically mentions ‘synthetic biology’ in connection with its business. Others make reference to biotechnology and other subtopics under biotechnology and bioengineering ("Biotechnology in korea,”).<br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
-
<div class="row">
+
<div class="row">
-
<div class="three columns">
+
<div class="nine columns"><p id="9"></p>
-
+
-
</div>
+
-
<div class="nine columns">
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h3>Potentiostat</h3>
+
-
<br>
+
-
<h5>Requirements</h5>
+
-
The potentiostat is used to provide and maintain a voltage potential between the working and reference electrode of the reactors. It also interfaces with the counting electrode to provide a measurement for its current flow. This measurement is recorded and sent to an Android device.
+
<h3>References</h3>
<br>
<br>
-
<h5>Inputs</h5>
+
<p><strong>Overview</strong><br>
-
<h6>Reference Electrode (RE)</h6>
+
  Cho, S. C. Ministry of Science and Technology, Public Relation Office. (2006).&nbsp;<em>The second bioengineering development support scheme [bio-vision 2016] decree</em>. Seoul: (In Korean)<strong> </strong><br>
-
The reference electrode is one of three electrodes in reactor solution. This electrode measures the potential of the solution, which is mostly water with salts and nutrients. The potential measured by this electrode sets the reference potential for the rest of the potentiostat.
+
  Hranueli, D. (2013).&nbsp;<em>minireviewsynthetic biology: A novel approach for theconstructionof industrial microorganisms</em>. Manuscript submitted for publication, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Retrieved from http://www.ftb.com.hr/49.Hranueli_et_al.pdf<br>
-
 
+
  <br>
-
<h6>Working Electrode (WE)</h6>
+
  <strong>SynBio Map</strong><br>
-
The working electrode sets the voltage differential for the reactor solution and causes current to flow through the reactor.. The target potential of the WE depends on the bacteria in the reactor. The calibrated potential should create favorable living conditions for the bacteria. For our Shewanella, we must provide 0.2 - 0.3V above the reference electrode voltage.
+
  <em>Synthetic biology project: Map inventory</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/<br>
-
 
+
  <em>Figure:</em><br>
-
<h6>Counting Electrode (CE)</h6>
+
  [Map]. Retrieved August 20, 2013, from:  http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/<br>
-
To counterbalance the current injected into the solution, the CE acts as a current sink. As bacteria in the reactor grow, they will generate a different amount of current that will be measured by the CE. The generated current, in our case, is between 0 and ~100 uA.
+
  <br>
-
 
+
  <strong>Participation in the iGEM Competition </strong><br>
-
<h6>Power Supply</h6>
+
  <em>Synthetic biology based on standard parts</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://igem.org/Main_Page <br>
-
We power the system with the 12V battery, and by using an op-amp voltage follower and resistive voltage divider, we define a voltage reference for the system. In this, ground is 6V, so 12V is 6V above ground and 0V is -6V below ground. The +/- 6V references are used as the sources for the electrical system.
+
  <br>
 +
  <strong>Biotechnology Industry </strong><br>
 +
  Hranueli, D. (2013).&nbsp;<em>minireviewsynthetic biology: A novel approach for theconstructionof industrial microorganisms</em>. Manuscript submitted for publication, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Retrieved from http://www.ftb.com.hr/49.Hranueli_et_al.pdf<br>
 +
  Korea, Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy; Korea Biotechnology Industry Organization, (2013).<em>Domestic biotechnology industry study report</em>. Seoul: (In Korean)<br>
 +
  <em>Synthetic biology project: Map inventory</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/<br>
 +
  <br>
 +
  <strong>Biotechnology Industry Funding</strong><br>
 +
  Korea, Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy; Korea Biotechnology Industry Organization, (2013).<em>Domestic biotechnology industry study report</em>. Seoul: (In Korean)<br>
 +
Lee, H. W. (2012, September 12). Government &quot;fully support biotechnology industry&quot;.&nbsp;<em>Medical today</em>. Retrieved from http://www.mdtoday.co.kr/mdtoday/index.html?no=201444 (In Korean)<br>
<br>
<br>
-
<h5>Electrical Design</h5>
+
<strong>Regulation for Synthetic Biology</strong><br>
-
 
+
  Kim, H. G. (2010). Review of current regulation of synthetic biology in korea .&nbsp;<em>ScienceOn</em>, Retrieved from http://scienceon.hani.co.kr/?document_srl=35496&amp;mid=media (In Korean)<br>
-
We designed this system using operational amplifiers (op-amps), due to their robustness in different operating conditions in comparison to a passive resistor and capacitor based system; we used LM353 integrated circuits to provide these op-amps. This system into four parts: desired voltage differential specification, reference electrode voltage measurement, working electrode output, and counting electrode current measurement. We base this design from a freely available potentiostat design created by Elliot Friedman and Alexander Hartoto, <a href =”http://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece4760/FinalProjects/s2010/esf59_akh75/esf59_akh75/index.html”>available here</a>.
+
Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, Future Fundamental Technology Division. (2008).<em>Biotechnology support act of the republic of korea</em>&nbsp;(Act No. 8852)<strong> <br>
-
 
+
-
<br/>
+
-
 
+
-
As seen in the above diagram, the system uses various op-amp configurations to accomplish our task. The desired voltage differential is set using a resistive voltage divider and a potentiometer, configurable for different voltage requirements through potentiometer tuning. This differential is added to the reading from the reference electrode using a voltage summing op-amp. Another op-amp is connected to the reference electrode to act as a voltage follower. This voltage is then inverted using an additional inverting op-amp, with equal feedback resistances to provide no gain. This lets us set our potential. Lastly, we measure the current from the counting electrode by connecting it to two op-amps configured as a non-inverting current to voltage converter. This provides our voltage output for the microcontroller, in the range of 0 to 5 volts.
+
<br>
<br>
-
<h5> Microcontroller Design</h5>
+
</strong><strong>Perception of Synthetic Biology</strong><br>
-
The measurement from the electrical design is fed into an Arduino megaADK. This is an analog voltage measurement, so it is converted using an onboard analog-to-digital converter and stored in the device. Using serial communications, the measurement is transmitted via a USB interface to an Android device. We sample this measurement at 125 kHz, constantly sending new information serially.
+
  KBCH. (2013, July 22).&nbsp;<em>The 4th national high school bio-safety and bio-industry debate competition results</em>. Retrieved from http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=2&amp;mode=form&amp;rsid=5&amp;reqsrcid=APAWebPage&amp;more=yes&amp;nameCnt=1 (In Korean)<br>
 +
  Kim, H. G. (2010). Review of current regulation of synthetic biology in korea .&nbsp;<em>ScienceOn</em>, Retrieved from http://scienceon.hani.co.kr/?document_srl=35496&amp;mid=media (In Korean)<br>
 +
  <em>National science and &amp; technology information service</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ntis.go.kr/ThMain.do (In Korean)<br>
 +
  Song, S. C., &amp; Shim, K. C. (2010). Study on perception of high school students of biotechnology.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Education</em>,<em>23</em>(1), 99-111.<strong> </strong><br>
 +
  <strong> </strong><em>Figure:</em><br>
 +
The 4th Debate Competition Award Ceremony [Image]. (2013). Retrieved August 21, 2013, from:  http://www.biosafety.or.kr/bbs/mboard.asp?exec=view&amp;strBoardID=debate_004&amp;intPage=1&amp;intCategory=0&amp;strSearchCategory=|s_name|s_subject|&amp;strSearchWord<br>=&amp;intSeq=71312<br>
<br>
<br>
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<h5> Material Selection </h5>
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<strong>Research, People and Organization</strong><br>
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  <em>Biotechnology in korea</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kribb.re.kr/eng/file/btik/btik_001.html<br>
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Our components for this system were chosen based on the types of inputs we would receive from the electrodes and the operating range of the device - we also needed to make sure our output could interface with the microcontroller. Since the required voltage differential is specific to the engineered strain of bacteria present in the reactor, we made our voltage divider using a potentiometer to provide variable resistance. This can be calibrated based on the requirements of the device. In order to choose the conversion factor between the voltage output and measured counting electrode current, we also had to depend upon the current range of the reactors, expected to be from 0 to 60 micro amperes.
+
  <em>Byungkwan cho profile</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ssbl.kaist.ac.kr/contents/sub/member_list.html?wr_id=7<br>
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+
  <em>Dr. sung kuk lee profile</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/skleelab/professor<br>
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We chose a megaADK Arduino development board with an onboard Atmel ATmega2560 microcontroller to process this voltage input. This board provides us an easy Android interface for sending data and includes a 10-bit analog to digital converter, which gives us a measurement resolution of 97.7 nano amperes.
+
  <em>Hee-sung park profile</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/hsparkmsbl/professor<br>
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  <em>National science and &amp; technology information service</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ntis.go.kr/ThMain.do (In Korean)<br>
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</div>
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  <em>Seung goo lee profile</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://home.kribb.re.kr/sglee (In Korean)<br>
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</div>
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  <em>Synthetic biology project: Map inventory</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/<br>
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<div class="row last-ele">
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  <em>Young-chang kim profile</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://microbio.chungbuk.ac.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=menu02_01&amp;wr_id=7 (In Korean)<br>
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<div class="nine columns">
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  <em>Figure:</em><br>
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<br />
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  [Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  http://home.kribb.re.kr/sglee<br>
-
<h3>Software</h3>
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  [Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  https://sites.google.com/site/skleelab/professor<br>
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<h5>Requirements</h5>
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  [Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  http://microbio.chungbuk.ac.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=menu02_01&amp;wr_id=7<br>
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The method of data transfer had to be easily fixed, and supportive of some long distance information transfer.  
+
  [Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  https://sites.google.com/site/hsparkmsbl/professor<br>
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The first criterion is due to the nature of the biosensor. Since the device would ideally be outside braving the
+
  [Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  http://ssbl.kaist.ac.kr/contents/sub/member_list.html?wr_id=7<br>
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weathers for six months, we need it to be quickly replaced. Furthermore, the biosensor had to be able to transmit
+
  [Image]. (2013). Retrieved  August 14, 2013, from: http://www.korea-fans.com/forum/konu-university-of-science-and-technology.html<br>
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data; it would be inconvenient if someone had to frequently go to the device to check the voltage readings.
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[Image]. Retrieved  August 14, 2013, from: http://us.bioneer.com/about/history.aspx</p>
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<br>
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<h5>Design</h5>
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An Android phone was chosen as the best fit for the project as it satisfied both requirements. Notably, it achieved
+
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the distance criterion well – as long as a cell tower was nearby, the information on the phone could be accessed from  
+
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anywhere with an internet connection. Furthermore, there existed a wide range of support for Android development that
+
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did not exist for other platforms. These included tools such as the Apache API, a light weight server interface that
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allowed the project to run more smoothly.
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A server was also designed to partner with the Android device. The server was to use a MySQL table for data retrieval
+
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and access - this allowed for easy testing and modularity.
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<br />
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<h5>Components</h5>
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The choice of materials were generally the industry standard – we used the HTTP protocol to facilitate data transfer
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and MySQL to store the data. For the phone, Samsung’s Galaxy Nexus was chosen mostly because of the third-party support
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found for the phone concerning the Android to Arduino communication.
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<br />
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<h5>Assembly</h5>
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The code for the Android device was written in Java using a Microbridge project as the method of communication between
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the phone and Arduino. The basic Apache API was used to transfer data to a web server. For the server, the code was
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written in PHP and tested with WAMPserver, a development tool that allowed local hosting of the MySQL tables.
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Latest revision as of 12:48, 28 October 2013

South Korea

Overview

In this country profile, information of synthetic biology in South Korea is compiled from different on-line sources such as government website, official government annual reports, news articles, and reviews. Searches were conducted in both English and Korean media. This country profile contains information about different aspects of synthetic biology in Korea, including regulation, research, people, perception, and organization. However as specific classification of work under the moniker of ‘synthetic biology’ is still uncommon in South Korea, wherever a specific aspect of information cannot be found described under synthetic biology, we have obtained the same information under the wider field of ‘biotechnology’. Information about biotechnology may be inferred to see the general growth trend of synthetic biology and its future development. In fact, biotechnology research institutes and companies are the ones that are most likely to adopt the synthetic biology approach (Hranueli, 2013).

In general, synthetic biology is a small but rapidly growing field in Korea. This trend is guided by a comprehensive plan called the Bio-Vision 2016. In 2006, the Korean government announced the Bio-Vision 2016 as a 10 year plan aimed at developing Korea’s biotechnology capabilities into making the nation a leader in the field. Needless to say, this has also allowed synthetic biology to gain a foothold in Korea (Cho, 2006)

Synbio Map

The SynBio Map identifies and locates companies, universities, research institutions, laboratories and other centers across the globe that are active in synthetic biology research ("Synthetic biology project:," ). It is a good tool to compare the trend of synthetic biology all round the world. This map was created at the Synthetic Biology Project at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
On the map, 5 entries are located in South Korea. Three of them, two universities and one company, are near or in Daejeon, and two universities are located in Ulsan. This map may not depict an accurate picture of synthetic biology in Korea because some institutes such as Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology are not listed in the map. This may be due to the fact that information for the map is gathered from official websites, scientific literature, government reports, and journals etc. If the available information was not in English, it could have been hard for the organization to compile the data ("Synthetic biology project," ).


Nevertheless, the growth of synthetic biology in South Korea is still somewhat represented by the map. It had no entries for South Korea in 2009, but that has increased to five entries this year.

Participation in the iGEM Competition

Not many Korean universities have been participating in the iGEM competition. From 2004 to 2012, only four Korean universities participated in the competition. Considering that there are 203 universities listed in the Korean Council for University Education website, 4 out of 203 universities is in fact a small proportion ("Synthetic biology based," ).




The four universities are Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Korea University, Korea Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST) , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. Sogang University registered in 2012, but withdrew from the competition ("Synthetic biology based," ).

Out of the four universities CBNU has been most actively participating in the competition. It was the first Korean university and also one of the first Asian universities to participate. They first entered the iGEM competition in 2006, but did not participate again until 2009. They have participated every subsequent year. Korea University joined the competition in 2009 and KAIST in 2010, and both have competed regularly since. UNIST competed in 2011 and did not return the following year ("Synthetic biology based," ).

Biotechnology Industry

A survey about biotechnology market in Korea published by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, and Korea Biotechnology Industry Organization was available on-line. The statistics provided in the review may not relate directly to synthetic biology, but could provide some insight on the potential development of synthetic biology considering the fact that synthetic biology has wide applications in biotechnology industries (Hranueli, 2013).

The report states that in 2011, out of 921 biotechnology businesses that responded to the survey, the three main biotechnology industries were biopharmaceutical industry (274), biochemistry industry (196), and biofood industry (206). Other biotechnology industries include bioenvironmental industry, bioenergy industry, and bioelectronics industry etc ("Domestic biotechnology industry," 2013).


The report also suggests that biotechnology business in Korea is growing. In 2011, around 35,600 people were employed in the biotechnology industry and within that group around 22,100 people were researchers. This number represents a 3.4% increase compared to the number of researchers (21357) in 2010. Also, the total market value of biotechnology industry in 2009 was around US $4.0 billion, growing annually at 17.6%. In 2011, the total market value had risen to US $5.5 billion ("Domestic biotechnology industry," 2013).


Only one Korean company, Bioneer, is listed in the SynBio map inventory. Bioneer has gene synthesizing technology that is the foundation for synthetic biology ("Synthetic biology project,").

Biotechnology Industry Funding

We present information of biotechnology funding as a whole. ‘Bio-Vision 2016’, the second Korean national framework plan for the promotion of biotechnology, is currently under way. Under this plan the Korean government will provide around US $9.7 billion in 2012 to 2016 for expanding local biotechnology industries. This pledge was reaffirmed by the prime minister during the Bio-Korea 2012 conference held in Seoul. The plan also mentions that the government should increase support for the development of synthetic biology. Additional details, however, are not provided in the framework. The Ministry of Health and Welfare mentioned that the government would eagerly support the development of biotechnology in terms of policies and international collaboration (Lee, 2012).

In addition, private funding in 2011 was round US$ 1.3 billion. This value represents a 26.6% increase compared to the US$ 1.02 billion generated in 2010. 89.9% of the total fund is from the three major biotechnology industries in Korea which are biopharmaceutical (63.8%), biochemistry (13%), and biofood industry (12.5%) ("Domestic biotechnology industry," 2013).


Regulations for Synthetic Biology

In South Korea there is no specific set of regulations designated just for synthetic biology. There is, however, an act called the “Biotechnology Support Act” that can promote the lawful development of synthetic biology in Korea. The purpose of this Act is to effectively support biotechnology in Korea by laying the foundation of biotechnology research ultimately to contribute to the sound development of the national economy. This Act states that the Korean government will make efforts to promote international cooperation in biotechnology researches, promote joint researches within Korea, take policy measures to support biotechnology research, and collect information for technology development("Biotechnology support act," 2008).

There is also a law called “Transfer of Living Modified Organisms Law (LMO Law) that can partially regulate the bio-safety aspect of synthetic biology. LMO Law was first written in 2001 by the Department of Knowledge and Economy under the Korean government. The term Living Modified Organism defined in the Law is very comprehensive and can cover organisms made in synthetic biology research. This law states that before an extensive application of a research, the possible environmental effect of the LMO need to be predicted. Because synthetic biology, however, often produces novel synthetic microorganisms, the environmental effects of the novel microorganism are hard to predict. Modification of LMO Law or a new law, therefore, is required to encompass the whole aspect of synthetic biology (Kim, 2010).


Also, Korea does not have a method for estimating the environmental effects that the LMO can cause and therefore, rely largely on foreign investigations. Such a method will be needed if South Korea begins to develop more drastically altered LMOs (Kim, 2010).

Perception of Synthetic Biology

Scientists
Academic synthetic biology projects are gaining serious traction in Korea, with only 2 such projects in 2009 increasing to around 200 project in 2013. More scientists are also being involved in synthetic biology research("National science and," ).

Government
The Korean government has regularly supported new technologies that integrate different disciplines. As an example of this kind of technology, synthetic biology has received extensive support and promotion by the government as outlined by the Bio-Vision 2016 plan. Korea’s government will continue to increase investments in biotechnology and expand the technology and its market (Kim, 2010).

Public
No study specifically regarding the perception of synthetic biology by the public has been conducted in Korea. It is therefore hard to judge how prevalent the concept of synthetic biology is to the general public. Sections of the Bio-Vision 2016 plan mention that efforts will be put into promoting the safe application of biotechnology. Meanwhile other events that help the general public understand synthetic biology include the 4th Bio-safety and Bio-industry Debate Competition for high school students in Korea, held by the Korea Biosafety Clearing House on April 15th of this year. One of the debates discussed the topic of synthetic biology being used to further the efforts of biotechnology. 436 high school students all around Korea participated in the competition (KBCH, 2013)


A 26-item questionnaire survey conducted in 2010 designed to measure high school students’ perception in biotechnology revealed that students had a generally positive toward the use of biotechnology on crops, and microbes, but were wary about the use of biotechnology products on animals and humans. This study also revealed that male students were more accepting biotechnology than female students (Song & Shim, 2010)

Research, People & Organizations

Research
208 projects related to synthetic biology are currently registered in National Science and Technology Service website, representing a great increase considering that only 2 entries were found in 2008. The two largest contributors to synthetic biology research are the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) with 41 projects and Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) with 17 project entries. Most of the projects are related to protein engineering and bioenergy technologies ("National science and," )

People
According to the National Science and Technology Service website, the most active researchers in synthetic biology are Seung Goo Lee and Sung Kuk Lee, with 13 and 12 projects respectively. The following table is the personal profile of these two researchers and other scientists in the field of synthetic biology.


Organizations, Research Institutes, and Companies
There are few organizations, research institutes, and companies that are specifically established for synthetic biology. Also, Korean Society for Synthetic Biology exists, though it has no official identity or web presence. In addition, there are five institutes directly related to synthetic biology and are listed in the SynBio map. ("Synthetic biology project:," ).

Some organizations, research institutes, and companies are not listed in the SynBio map. This is probably because they have a synthetic biology department under a larger biotechnology institute. For example, under the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, there is the Biochemical and Synthetic Biology Research Center.


As of November 2010, 70 biotech companies are listed on KOSPI and KOSDAQ, two separate Korean stock exchanges. This includes Bioneer Corp., a biotech company that is listed on the SynBio map. It is the only one of those 70 companies that specifically mentions ‘synthetic biology’ in connection with its business. Others make reference to biotechnology and other subtopics under biotechnology and bioengineering ("Biotechnology in korea,”).

References


Overview
Cho, S. C. Ministry of Science and Technology, Public Relation Office. (2006). The second bioengineering development support scheme [bio-vision 2016] decree. Seoul: (In Korean)
Hranueli, D. (2013). minireviewsynthetic biology: A novel approach for theconstructionof industrial microorganisms. Manuscript submitted for publication, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Retrieved from http://www.ftb.com.hr/49.Hranueli_et_al.pdf

SynBio Map
Synthetic biology project: Map inventory. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/
Figure:
[Map]. Retrieved August 20, 2013, from:  http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/

Participation in the iGEM Competition
Synthetic biology based on standard parts. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://igem.org/Main_Page

Biotechnology Industry
Hranueli, D. (2013). minireviewsynthetic biology: A novel approach for theconstructionof industrial microorganisms. Manuscript submitted for publication, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Retrieved from http://www.ftb.com.hr/49.Hranueli_et_al.pdf
Korea, Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy; Korea Biotechnology Industry Organization, (2013).Domestic biotechnology industry study report. Seoul: (In Korean)
Synthetic biology project: Map inventory. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/

Biotechnology Industry Funding
Korea, Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy; Korea Biotechnology Industry Organization, (2013).Domestic biotechnology industry study report. Seoul: (In Korean)
Lee, H. W. (2012, September 12). Government "fully support biotechnology industry". Medical today. Retrieved from http://www.mdtoday.co.kr/mdtoday/index.html?no=201444 (In Korean)

Regulation for Synthetic Biology
Kim, H. G. (2010). Review of current regulation of synthetic biology in korea . ScienceOn, Retrieved from http://scienceon.hani.co.kr/?document_srl=35496&mid=media (In Korean)
Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, Future Fundamental Technology Division. (2008).Biotechnology support act of the republic of korea (Act No. 8852)

Perception of Synthetic Biology
KBCH. (2013, July 22). The 4th national high school bio-safety and bio-industry debate competition results. Retrieved from http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=2&mode=form&rsid=5&reqsrcid=APAWebPage&more=yes&nameCnt=1 (In Korean)
Kim, H. G. (2010). Review of current regulation of synthetic biology in korea . ScienceOn, Retrieved from http://scienceon.hani.co.kr/?document_srl=35496&mid=media (In Korean)
National science and & technology information service. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ntis.go.kr/ThMain.do (In Korean)
Song, S. C., & Shim, K. C. (2010). Study on perception of high school students of biotechnology. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Education,23(1), 99-111.
 Figure:
The 4th Debate Competition Award Ceremony [Image]. (2013). Retrieved August 21, 2013, from:  http://www.biosafety.or.kr/bbs/mboard.asp?exec=view&strBoardID=debate_004&intPage=1&intCategory=0&strSearchCategory=|s_name|s_subject|&strSearchWord
=&intSeq=71312

Research, People and Organization
Biotechnology in korea. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kribb.re.kr/eng/file/btik/btik_001.html
Byungkwan cho profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ssbl.kaist.ac.kr/contents/sub/member_list.html?wr_id=7
Dr. sung kuk lee profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/skleelab/professor
Hee-sung park profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/hsparkmsbl/professor
National science and & technology information service. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ntis.go.kr/ThMain.do (In Korean)
Seung goo lee profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://home.kribb.re.kr/sglee (In Korean)
Synthetic biology project: Map inventory. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/
Young-chang kim profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://microbio.chungbuk.ac.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=menu02_01&wr_id=7 (In Korean)
Figure:
[Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  http://home.kribb.re.kr/sglee
[Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  https://sites.google.com/site/skleelab/professor
[Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  http://microbio.chungbuk.ac.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=menu02_01&wr_id=7
[Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  https://sites.google.com/site/hsparkmsbl/professor
[Image]. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from:  http://ssbl.kaist.ac.kr/contents/sub/member_list.html?wr_id=7
[Image]. (2013). Retrieved  August 14, 2013, from: http://www.korea-fans.com/forum/konu-university-of-science-and-technology.html
[Image]. Retrieved  August 14, 2013, from: http://us.bioneer.com/about/history.aspx

Retrieved from "http://2013.igem.org/Team:Hong_Kong_HKUST/hp/article/kr"