Team:Hong Kong HKUST/hp/interview/yu

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<a href=#5>Download Links</a>
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<h6>Interviews</h6>
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<h6>Interview</h6>
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Hong Kong
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Prof. Albert Yu
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<a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Hong_Kong_HKUST/hp/interview/chan">Prof Juliana Chan</a>
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<a href="https://2013.igem.org/Team:Hong_Kong_HKUST/hp/interview/chan">Prof. Juliana Chan</a>
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<h2 class="centered">Comparison</h2>
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<h2 class="centered">Prof. Albert Yu</h2>
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<h3>Introduction</h3>  
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<h3>Overview</h3>
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Professor Albert Yu is the chairman of the Hong Kong Biotechnology Organization (HK BIO), and also a professor of the Department of Neurobiology in Pecking University, China. As an entrepreneur and a scientist, Professor Yu gave us realistic insight of our project. Meeting Professor Albert Yu helped us to evaluate our project beyond the laboratory environment and to think about the possible future application as a biotechnology product. Towards the end of the interview, we have also talked about the bio-ethics and bio-safety issues regarding synthetic biology.  
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Professor Albert Yu is the chairman of the Hong Kong Biotechnology Organization (HKBIO), and also a professor of the Department of Neurobiology of Peking University, China. As an entrepreneur and a scientist, Prof. Yu gave us realistic insights to our project. Meeting Prof. Yu helped us to evaluate our project beyond the laboratory environment and to think about the possible future application as a biotechnology product. Towards the end of the interview, we also talked about the bio-ethics and bio-safety issues regarding synthetic biology.  
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<h3>Main Discussion</h3>
<h3>Main Discussion</h3>
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Many different teams all around the world participate in the international Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition. In this competition, teams use methods of synthetic biology to develop their projects. Because the iGEM competition and synthetic biology are closely related, we have searched for information on the number of teams that took part from East Asia to make a comparison and ultimately infer the trend of synthetic biology in these countries. Using such statistics is a common way to infer the current status of synthetic biology. In fact, lots of academic reviews of synthetic biology mention the iGEM competition to infer the current trend of synthetic biology in a particular country.
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Prof. Yu mentioned that our project is a small step and that we have a long way to go to apply our project as a commercial biotechnology product. He told us that because we are trying to insert genes into a human body, we need to be very careful with concluding how our project could be realistically applied in the future. Inserting genes into a human body can create novel metabolism properties that could lead to side effects. Also, because the general public considers obesity less harmful, people might be reluctant to sign up for invasive treatment if they believe a less invasive means such as exercising can solve the problem. He also encouraged us to look into other plant genes that could be used to cure fatal diseases.<br><br>  
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We also discussed about issues on bio-safety and bio-ethics. Prof. Yu said that we need to be responsible scientists and utilize research to improve human life. He also mentioned that to produce a bioproduct, it is very important to consider the ethical issues of the project from the very start.
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/9/93/Comparison_igem_competition_1.png"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/ec/Comparison_igem_competition_2.png"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/6f/Comparison_igem_competition_3.png"></center><br>
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The number of participants in the iGEM competition has been increasing steadily every year. This trend holds true for some of the 5 Asian countries that we have investigated. For example, among the 5 countries, China has the most significant increase in the iGEM competition participation. In 2007, it only had 4 teams, but in 2012, there were 26 Chinese teams in the competition. The number of participants from Japan generally increased from 2006 to 2012, but this increase is not as great as that of China. For Hong Kong and Korea, the numbers of participants are nearly steady. For instance, from 2010 to 2012, Hong Kong steadily had 3 participants that had join the iGEM competition. In comparison with the number of participants from the United States, the number of participants from East Asian countries is still relatively small. 
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East Asian countries first participated in the iGEM competition in 2006. Korea and Japan were the first ones to join the competition. Ever since, the majority of the participants from Asia were from East Asia. For example, in 2011, out of 46 participants from Asia, only 5 were non-East Asian teams. The number of participants, however, from other regions is increasing, creating more diversity in the competition. Bogor Agricultural University has joined from Indonesia in 2012. In 2013, two teams from Indonesia have registered for the iGEM competition.
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To do comparison between different countries it is necessary to get relative values of participation because the number of universities in each of these countries is different. The total number of universities in each of the countries were searched online and compared as a percentage of the ratio of number of teams in the iGEM competition over total number of universities in that country.<br><br><center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e9/Comparison_igem_competition_4.png"></center><br>
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The relative values calculated show very different result. If the ratio of number of iGEM teams over the total number of universities is considered, four of the countries/regions (Korea, Hong Kong, China, and Japan) actually have higher percentage of participation than that of the United States.  
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With this data we can understand why the recent increase in number of participants from Hong Kong and Korea was steady. It is because these two countries already have relatively higher percentage of participation in the competition. Also, in Korea and Hong Kong, the number of new universities being established is lower than that of China. This may explain why the increase in participation from Chinese universities is most rapid.
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The ratio for Hong Kong is significantly higher than other countries because Hong Kong is a city. Comparing Hong Kong with other countries might not be conclusive. Of the four East Asian countries that we have researched, Japan has the highest ratio of participation. This also correlates with the fact that the highest number of SynBio Map entry was in Japan. These two indicators suggest that Japan is the leading East Asian country in synthetic biology.
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<h3>Synthetic Biology Regulation in East Asia</h3>  
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<h3>Conclusion</h3>
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In general, countries/regions in East Asia do not have specific regulations that address bio-safety issues regarding synthetic biology. They instead enforce pre-existing guidelines that were originally formulated for the regulation of genetic engineered and genetically modified organisms. These regulations were developed in the early or mid-2000s. Experts in Korea, Japan, and China argue that new specific regulations for synthetic biology is necessary for the safe development of the field in these countries.  
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The interview with Professor Albert Yu helped us to realize the social environment our project would encounter, and the barriers that come with it. The interview also showed that more in-depth consideration of our project’s future application is necessary if we want to see it utilized as a safe bioproduct.<br>
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Currently, no countries in this region have proposed initiating the development of such regulations. This may be due to the fact that in 2010, the United States, a leading country in synthetic biology, announced that new regulation or modification of existing regulations that govern synthetic biology is not necessary. The Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues of the United States explained that instead of coming up with stringent regulation, they will “choose a middle course” to maximize the potential benefit of synthetic biology. It instead recommended self-regulation by synthetic biologists (Wadman, 2010).
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The following table summarizes the current regulation imposed on synthetic biology activities in East Asian countries and the United States.<br><br>
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Many people and organizations are worried about this loose regulation of synthetic biology. Over 100 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have called for greater international supervision of synthetic biology. They worry that synthesized organisms could have unforeseeable risks for human health and the environment. Friends of the Earth, an environmental organization, even came up with The Principles for the Oversight of Synthetic Biology which outlines how synthetic biology should be regulated (Hoffman, 2012).<br>
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<h3>References</h3>
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<h3>Interview Video</h3>
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<p>Wadman, M. (2010). Us report sets ground rules for artificial life.&nbsp;<em>Nature</em>, Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101216/full/news.2010.680.html<br>
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  Hoffman, E. (2012). Global coalition calls for oversight of synthetic biology.&nbsp;<em>Friends of the Earth</em>, Retrieved from http://www.foe.org/projects/food-and-technology/blog/2012-03-global-coalition-calls-oversight-synthetic-biology<br>
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<em>Synthetic biology project: Map inventory</em>. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/library/inventories/map/</p>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c1/Yu1.jpg" style="width:30%;margin:10px;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/29/Yu2.jpg" style="width:30%;margin:10px;"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/9/9a/Yu3.jpg" style="width:30%;margin:10px;"></center><br>
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<h3>Download Links</h3>
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<i>Right-click and click "Save link as.." on the link of items that you want to download</i>
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c8/Interview_Appendix_-_Prof._Yu.pdf">Prof. Yu's Interview Script (PDF)</a>
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Revision as of 12:01, 27 September 2013

Prof. Albert Yu

Overview

Professor Albert Yu is the chairman of the Hong Kong Biotechnology Organization (HKBIO), and also a professor of the Department of Neurobiology of Peking University, China. As an entrepreneur and a scientist, Prof. Yu gave us realistic insights to our project. Meeting Prof. Yu helped us to evaluate our project beyond the laboratory environment and to think about the possible future application as a biotechnology product. Towards the end of the interview, we also talked about the bio-ethics and bio-safety issues regarding synthetic biology.

Main Discussion

Prof. Yu mentioned that our project is a small step and that we have a long way to go to apply our project as a commercial biotechnology product. He told us that because we are trying to insert genes into a human body, we need to be very careful with concluding how our project could be realistically applied in the future. Inserting genes into a human body can create novel metabolism properties that could lead to side effects. Also, because the general public considers obesity less harmful, people might be reluctant to sign up for invasive treatment if they believe a less invasive means such as exercising can solve the problem. He also encouraged us to look into other plant genes that could be used to cure fatal diseases.

We also discussed about issues on bio-safety and bio-ethics. Prof. Yu said that we need to be responsible scientists and utilize research to improve human life. He also mentioned that to produce a bioproduct, it is very important to consider the ethical issues of the project from the very start.

Conclusion

The interview with Professor Albert Yu helped us to realize the social environment our project would encounter, and the barriers that come with it. The interview also showed that more in-depth consideration of our project’s future application is necessary if we want to see it utilized as a safe bioproduct.

Interview Video



Pictures


Download Links

Right-click and click "Save link as.." on the link of items that you want to download

Prof. Yu's Interview Script (PDF)

Retrieved from "http://2013.igem.org/Team:Hong_Kong_HKUST/hp/interview/yu"