HcaR is a 32,838 Da (296 amino acids) protein regulator mined from Escherichia coli. The gene cluster regulated by HcaR is hca operon (for 3-phenylpropionic acid and cinnamic acid), encoding enzymes that degrade PPA and CnA to 2, 3-DHPPA and 2, 3-DHCnA, respectively (Fig. 1).

HcaR belongs to LysR family. Its N-terminal domain functions in DNA binding via a helix-turn-helix motif, while the C-terminal domain functions in multimerization. As an activator, HcaR activates the expression of hca cluster in the presence of aromatic effectors.

The cognate promoter of HcaR, ph, is quite regular: it is σ⁷⁰-dependent and functions via contacting the α-unit of RNAP. The presence of aromatic effectors will cause the HcaR to dimerize and to bind to sequence-specific DNA operator in the ph promoter (Fig. 1a).

According to these properties of HcaR, we could design an HcaR biosensor that is supposed to detect 3-phenylpropionic acid, cinnamic acid and their derivatives. It aromatics-sensing profile is quite narrow, supposed to be 3-phenylpropionic acid (PPA) and cinnamic acid (CnA) only, thus to guarantee the detection specificity of the biosensor.

Based on the design frame of biosensors we've discussed in the Biosensor Introduction section, we constructed a HcaR biosensor using Ph/HcaR pair obtained from the genome of E. coli strain K12. The constitutive promoter (Pc) to control the expression of HcaR is BBa_J23106 and the RBS preceding sfGFP is BBa_B0034.

This primary construct, however, did not work (Fig. 2). Therefore, we used a library of combinations of Pc promoters and RBS sequences to fine-tune the performance of HcaR biosensor. Experimental measurement using Test Protocol 1 showed that HcaR performed the best using the Pc promoter BBa_J23106 and RBS BBa_B0034 (Fig. 2).

The best HcaR biosensor was then subjected to the ON/OFF Test using overall 78 aromatics. Results showed that the HcaR biosensor worked as a specific sensor for PPA (CnA is not an aromatic compound, thus not taken into consideration) (Fig.3).

Furthermore, the dose-response curves of optimized HcaR biosensor (J23106-B0032) was experimentally measured using gradient concentrations of inducers ranging from 10 μM to 1 mM followingTest Protocol 1 (Fig. 4). 30-fold induction can be obtained using PPA even at micro-molar concentration. Notably, the HcaR biosensor specifically gives response to PPA, making it a robust and convenient biosensor for the presence of PPA in water.

These results altogether show that HcaR biosensor has high induction ratio, low basal level and aromatics-specific sensing profile, which makes it to be a really high-performance component of our biosensor toolkit.

Figure 1. The ph promoter and the degradation pathway carried out by the hca gene cluster. (a) The ph is a σ⁷⁰-dependent promoter. The HcaR protein will bind to the DNA operator centered at -40 when the aromatic inducer are present; it will subsequently recruit the RNAP and initiate transcription. (b) The enzymes that catalyze each step of the pathway are indicated; PPA and CnA will finally be degraded into 2,3-DHPPA and 2,3-DHCnA, respectively.

Figure 2. A library of RBS and constitutive promoter combinations has been used to fine-tune the HcaR biosensor. The HcaR biosensor with BBa_J23106, a strong constitutive promoter, and BBa_B0032, a weak RBS, worked the best, which exhibited the induction ratio higher than 25. The induction ratio was calculated by dividing the fluorescence intensity of biosensor exposed to object inducers by the basal fluorescence intensity of the biosensor itself.

Figure 3. ON/OFF test to evaluate the induction ratios of all 78 aromatic compounds in the aromatics spectrum. (For the full names of the compounds, Click Here ). (a) The induction ratios of various aromatic species. HcaR could respond to only 1 out of 78 aromatics (PPA, 1000 μM) with the induction ratio higher than 25. (b) The aromatics-sensing profile of HcaR biosensor.The aromatic species that can elicit strong responses of NahR biosensor is highlighted in purple in the aromatics spectrum. The structural formula of PPA is also listed. The induction ratio was calculated by dividing the fluorescence intensity of biosensor exposed to object inducers by the basal fluorescence intensity of the biosensor itself.

Figure 4. Dose-response curves of HcaR biosensor induced by PPA. The optimized version of HcaR biosensor (J23106-B0032) exhibited an induction ratio higher than 25. The HcaR biosensor in the original version (J23106-B0034) was also tested as a control to show the necessity of our fine-tuning. The induction ratio was calculated by dividing the fluorescence intensity of biosensor exposed to object inducers by the basal fluorescence intensity of the biosensor itself.

Reference:
[1] Díaz, E., Ferrández, A., & García, J. L. (1998). Characterization of the hca Cluster Encoding the Dioxygenolytic Pathway for Initial Catabolism of 3-Phenylpropionic Acid in Escherichia coliK-12. Journal of bacteriology, 180(11), 2915-2923.
[2] Ferrández, A., García, J. L., & Díaz, E. (1997). Genetic characterization and expression in heterologous hosts of the 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propionate catabolic pathway of Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of bacteriology, 179(8), 2573-2581.
[3] Manso, I., Torres, B., Andreu, J. M., Menéndez, M., Rivas, G., Alfonso, C., ... & Galán, B. (2009). 3-Hydroxyphenylpropionate and phenylpropionate are synergistic activators of the MhpR transcriptional regulator from Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(32), 21218-21228.