Contents 1 Protocols 1.1 Introduction 1.2 L-form Media Components 1.2.1 2×MSM 1.2.2 2×Nutrient Broth (NB) 1.2.3 2×Nutrient Agar (NA) 1.2.4 Stock PenG 1.3 L-form Growth Media 1.3.1 Solid Media 1.3.2 Liquid media 1.4 Creating L-forms 1.5 Protoplasting to generate L-form 1.6 Regeneration of Rod cells from L-form 1.6.1 Protoplast regeneration media 1.6.2 L-growth media 1.7 Streak plate 1.7.1 From glycerol stocks 1.7.2 From liquid culture 1.8 Liquid culture 1.9 Glycerol stocks 1.9.1 Making glycerol stocks 1.10 Chromosomal DNA Extraction 1.11 Nanodrop quantification of DNA extracts 1.12 PCR 1.13 QIAquick Gel Extraction Protocol 1.14 QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit 1.15 Escherichia coli Competent Cell Preparation 1.16 Escherichia coli Transformation 1.17 Bacillus subtilis 168 Competent cell Prep and Transformation 1.17.1 SMM medium 1.17.2 MM competence medium 1.17.3 Starvation medium 1.18 Inoculating L-forms into Chinese Cabbage 1.19 Visualisation of L-forms in plants 1.20 Making Starch Agar Plates

Protocols

Introduction

L-form Media Components

2×MSM

Two times concentrated stock of 1 M sucrose, 40 mM Maleic acid, and 40 mM Magnesium Chloride.

• 342 g Sucrose
• 4.65 g Maleic acid
• 8.12 g Magnesium chloride hexahydrate

1. Add d-H2O to a final volume of 1l
2. Adjust pH 7 with NaOH
3. Aliquot into 500 ml bottles
4. Autoclave on a short cycle (15 minutes at 121°C) as prolonged heating caramelizes the sugar giving a dark brown solution that the bacteria don’t grow in.

2×Nutrient Broth (NB)

Add 2.6 g of NB to 100 ml of demin-H2O then autoclave.

2×Nutrient Agar (NA)

Add 5.6 g of NA to 100 ml of d-H2O then autoclave.

Stock PenG

200 mg/ml of Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin or PenG, Sigma)

Add 2 g of PenG to 10 ml final volume of d-H2O and filter sterilise. Aliquot and freeze at -20°C.

L-form Growth Media

Solid Media

1. First make 2 times concentrated Nutrient agar (Oxoid, NA), 2 times concentrated MSM and 200 mg/ml.
2. Allow the nutrient agar to cool to about 80-90°C.
3. Add an equal volume of MSM at room temperature.
4. Mix thoroughly.
5. Add 200 µL of 200 mg/ml PenG and pour.
6. Allow the agar to set and cool to room temperature.
7. Air dry for no more than 5 minutes.

Notes: These last two steps are critical as evaporation of water increases the concentration of sucrose: this should be avoided as the L-forms could be sensitive to changes in the osmolarity of the media.

Liquid media

1. Mix equal volumes of 2×MSM and 2×Nutrient Broth (Oxoid, NB) and add 200µl of (200mg/ml) PenG if required.
2. Add 14-20 mL of media to a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Or 8-10 ml into 100 ml flask.
3. Suck up 5-10 µL of cells the sticky secretion from an L-form colony/liquid broth with a pipette and inoculate the media.
4. Gently mix the media to break up the cells
5. Incubate at 30°C without shaking.

Notes: A low media volume to flask volume ratio allows a thin layer of media which helps maximise diffusion of oxygen. Shaking is not necessary for growth, and if done should be very gently.

Creating L-forms

After transforming your Bacillus subtilis with the switch brick, you will need to plate them out onto LB (1.5% agar) with 5µg/ml of Chloramphenicol and 0.5-0.8% Xylose.

Method

1. Pick a colony of rod cells B. subtilis with switch brick transformed into it, and innoculate the 50/50 NB/MSM media.
2. One of the NB/MSM has to be supplemented with 0.5-0.8% Xylose + 5µg/ml Cm to act as control.
3. In non xylose supplemented NB/MSM, the rod cells will turn into L-form. In order to keep this culure pure you need to add PenG 200µg/ml in addition to Cm.

Notes: The best way to maintain L-form culture is to plate them out as rod cells into LB (1.5% agar) with 5µg/ml of Chloramphenicol and 0.5-0.8% Xylose plates.

Protoplasting to generate L-form

Once the B. subtilis is transformed with the switch brick, and plated out onto LB agar + Xylose supplemented plate. By using this protocol which is simmilar to protocol for generating protoplast, it is possible to generate a pure L-form colonies in a shorter time frame then letting it lose its cell wall naturally.

Method:

1. Take the cells from Xylose supplemented plate and put it in 4mL of LB+xyl (0.8%) and incubate at 37oC for 2-3 hours
2. Dilute the cells by adding 6ml LB + 0.8% xylose media
3. Check OD of cells every 1 hour until between 0.3-0.6 (mid exponential stage)
4. Spin down at ~5,500rpm for 4 minutes and discard supernatant to remove the xylose
5. Wash once with LB (10mL)
6. Pellet the cells at 4,500rpm for 15 minutes and discard supernatant
7. Resuspend pellet with Lysis solution (50/50 NB/MSM (4mL) + PenG (200µg/ml) + Lysozyme (4 mg/ml)).
8. Incubate for 1-1.30 hours at 37oC for the lysozyme to work
9. Check under microscope between the incubation period until the overwhelming majority of cells are protoplasts
10. Spin down and re-suspend with NB/MSM (10-15mL) + Chloramphenicol (5µg/ml) + 200µl of 200mg/ml PenG
11. Incubate at 30oC for at least 2 days

Regeneration of Rod cells from L-form

Rod regeneratiom can be done either in solid or liquid media. It can be perform using either of the following media.

Media

Protoplast regeneration media

• (2X)DM3
  • 0.5 M sodium succinate (pH 7.3)
  • 0.5 % Casaminoacids
  • 0.5 % Yeast extract
  • 0.5 % Glucose

• Mixed with (2X)MSM in 1:1 ratio
• Xylose is added to 1% final concentration

L-growth media

Media for L-form growth (NA/MSM) supplemented with (0.5-0.8%) of xylose can also be used

Streak plate

From glycerol stocks

1. Glycerol stock must be kept in an ice bucket.
2. Working close to lit Bunsen burner.
3. Flame a loop until red hot then dip into glycerol stock in cryo-vial.
4. Streak plate by: -
   1. Dragging loop across agar 5-10 times.
   2. Flame loop, then dip in agar (away from streak) to cool.
   3. Streak 4 times at a 90o angle from first streak.
   4. Streak again 4 times at 90o from second set of streaks.
   5. Streak again 4 times at 90o from third set of streaks to complete a square on the agar plate.
   6. Finally drag loop in a squiggle motion across the centre of the agar plate.
   7. The streak plate must then be left overnight at 37oC for colonies to grow.
   8. LB agar plates will usually be used unless alternative conditions are required.

From liquid culture

Protocol is similar to that of creating streak plates from glycerol stocks. However, an overnight culture of the strain to be streaked is grown and the loop is dipped into this culture rather than a cryo-vial of the glycerol stock.

Liquid culture

Working close to lit Bunsen burner:

1. Liquid cultures can be grown in plastic universal tubes if only a small volume is needed (e.g. 5ml).
2. Transfer a colony from a plate of colonies using a flame-sterilised loop into liquid LB media in tube.
3. Cultures should be made from only one colony.
4. Leave the plastic universals on rotating plate (aerator) at 37°C overnight.

Glycerol stocks

Making glycerol stocks

NB: Only 50% glycerol solution is necessary for preserving cells by freezing at -80°C.

1. 1 volume of 100% glycerol should be mixed with 1 volume of Mili-Q filtered water (i.e. 1ml glycerol for 1ml water).
2. Vortex the solution briefly to mix.
3. Filter the solution using a sterile syringe filter, then pipette 500µl of the 50% glycerol solution into cryo-vials.
4. Pipette 500µl of the LB cell culture to be preserved into the cryo-vials.
5. Mix by inverting the tubes.
6. Glycerol stocks can then be stored in deep freeze at -80oC.

Chromosomal DNA Extraction

1. Add 1.75ml of bacterial cell culture to a 2ml tube.
2. Spin tubes at 20,000 x g (max speed of centrifuge may be 16,000 x g, if so spin at this speed) for 5 minutes in centrifuge and then discard the liquid supernatant.
3. Add 180µl of enzymatic lysis buffer (36µl lysozyme and 144µl buffer) to the tube and vortex for 10-20 seconds.
4. Incubate at 37oC for 20 minutes.
5. Add 25µl proteinase K.
6. Add 200µl Buffer AL.
7. Vortex briefly.
8. Incubate at 56oC for 5 minutes.
9. Add 200µl ethanol to the tube and vortex briefly.
10. Transfer entire contents (~600µl) to a spin column in 2ml collection tube using a pipette.
11. Centrifuge column at 10,000 x g for 1 minute.
12. Discard flow through and replace spin column in a 2ml collection tube.
13. Add 500µl Buffer AW1 to the column and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 1 minute.
14. Discard flow through and replace spin column in a 2ml collection tube.
15. Add 500µl Buffer AW2 to the column and centrifuge at 16,000 x g for 3 minutes.
16. Carefully remove tubes from centrifuge without allowing the flow-through to contact the column (if this happens, spin tube in centrifuge again for 1 minute at 16,000 x g) and transfer column to a 1.5ml tube.
17. Add 200µl Buffer AE to the column and leave to stand at room temperature for 1 minute.
18. Centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 1 minute and then discard the column. Store the DNA in the collection tube at 4oC.

NB: Steps 17 and 18 can be carried out in repeat using smaller volumes of Buffer AE in order to try and increase DNA yield. Adding 30µl Buffer AE to the column and leaving to stand at room temperature for 5 minutes before centrifuging (and repeating 4-6 times) produces a high DNA yield.

Nanodrop quantification of DNA extracts

Nanodrop procedure:

1. Log into computer.
2. Open Nanodrop 1000.
3. Click on ‘Nucleic Acids’ button.
4. Default DNA setting will be DNA-50 – this is correct.
5. Wipe pedestal and top with tissue paper before starting.
6. Initialise by adding 3µl H2O to pedestal as instructed by the program.
7. Blank with 3µl elution Buffer (EB) (click ‘Blank’).
8. Add 3µl sample and click ‘Measure’.
9. Wipe pedestal with tissue paper between measurements.
10. Re-blank with water when finished to clean instrument, dry with tissue and log off.

PCR

1. Add the following reagents (quantities are for a 50µl reaction) to a PCR tube in the listed order:
   1. 27.5µl H2O.
   2. 10.0µl 5x Buffer HF.
   3. 1.0µl dNTP (200 µM).
   4. 5.0µl Reverse primer.
   5. 5.0µl Forward primer.
   6. 1.0µl Template DNA.
   7. 0.5µl Phusion Polymerase (must be added last)
2. Mix these reagents by inverting the tube and then centrifuge for a couple of seconds for all of the reagents to collect at the bottom of the tube.</li>
3. Set conditions of PCR on PCR machine:
   1. 98°C 30 seconds initial denaturation
   2. 98°C 10 seconds denaturation
   3. x°C (10-20 seconds) anneal
   4. 72°C 30 seconds/kb extension
   5. 72°C 5-10 minutes final extension
   6. 4°C hold
4. Store the PCR products at 4oC.

NB: The denaturation, anneal and extension steps are repeated cyclically for 30 cycles.

NB: Procedure for PCR differs between DNA polymerases. This procedure is for Phusion DNA polymerase.

QIAquick Gel Extraction Protocol

Notes before starting:

• The yellow colour of Buffer QG indicates a pH <7.5.
• Add ethanol (96-100%) to Buffer PE before use (see bottle label for volume)
• Isopropanol (100%) and a heating block or water bath at 50oC are required.
• All centrifugation steps are carried out at 17,900 x g (13,000 rpm) in a conventional table-top microcentrifuge.

Method:

1. Excise the DNA fragment from the agarose gel with a clean, sharp scalpel.
2. Weigh the gel slice in a colourless tube. Add 3 volumes of Buffer QG to 1 volume of gel (100 mg ~ 100 μl). If the colour of the mixture is orange or violet, add 10 μl of 3 M sodium acetate, pH 5.0, and mix. The colour of the mixture will turn to yellow.
3. Incubate at 50°C for 10 min (or until the gel slice has completely dissolved). To help dissolve gel, mix by vortexing the tube every 2–3 min during the incubation. For >2% gels, increase incubation time.
4. After the gel slice has dissolved completely, check that the colour of the mixture is yellow (similar to Buffer QG without dissolved agarose). If the colour of the mixture is orange or violet, add 10 μl of 3 M sodium acetate, pH 5.0, and mix. The colour of the mixture will turn to yellow.
5. Add 1 gel volume of isopropanol to the sample and mix.
6. Place a QIAquick spin column in a provided 2ml collection tube.

QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit

1. Resuspend pelleted bacterial cells in 250 µl Buffer P1 and transfer to a microcentrifuge tube.
2. Add 250 µl Buffer P2and mix by inverting the tube 4-6 times.
3. Add 350 µl Buffer N3 and mix immediately by inverting 4-6 times.
4. Centrifuge for 10 min at 13,000 rpm in a table top microcentrifuge.
5. Apply the supernatant to the QIAprep spin column by pipetting.
6. Centrifuge for 30-60s. Discard the flow-through.
7. Wash the QIAprep spin column by adding 0.5ml Buffer PB and centrifuging for 30-60s. Discard the flow-through.
8. Wash QIAprep spin column by adding 0.75ml Buffer PE and centrifuging for 30-60s.
9. Discard the flow-through, and centrifuge for an additional min to remove residual wash buffer.
10. To elute the DNA, put the QIAprep column in a clean 1.5ml microcentrifuge tube and add 50 µl Buffer EB to the centre of each QIAprep spin column. Let it stand for 1 min and centrifuge for 1 min.

Escherichia coli Competent Cell Preparation

Before starting this procedure, you need to prepare the following media:

TFBI:

• 30mM KAc
• 10mM CaCl2
• 100mM KCl
• 15% (v/v) glycerol

Dissolve and autoclave in 900ml d.H2O, then add 100ml autoclaved 500mM MnCl2 to make up the volume.

i.e. Per litre: 2.94g KAc, 1,4g CaCl2.2H2O, 7.64g KCl, Per 100ml: 9.89 MnCl2.4H2O.

TFBII:

• 75mM CaCl2
• 10mM KCl
• 15% glycerol

Dissolve in 900ml H2O and autoclave. Make up volume by adding 100ml of autoclaved 100mM Na-MOPS, pH 7.0.

i.e. Per litre: 11.03g CaCl2.2H2O, 0.75g KCl, Per 100ml: 10.47g MOPS, pH with NaOH.

Method

1. Inoculate 300ml of LB broth with 1/20 volume of an overnight culture of the desired strain (i.e. 15ml O/N for 300ml)
2. Grow the cells at 37oC (with shaking) to an Abs600nm of 0.6.
3. Chill the cells on ice and harvest by centrifugation at 4oC for 10 min.
4. Re-suspend the pellet in 100ml of ice cold TFBI.
5. Re-centrifuge the cells as before and re-suspend in 20ml of ice cold TFBII.
6. Aliquot 200µl volume of the cell suspension into cooled, sterile microfuge tubes, and flash freeze in an EtOH/dry-ice bath.
7. Store the cells at -80oC until required.

Escherichia coli Transformation

1. Thaw a 200µl aliquot of the desired strain of E.coli and add the transforming DNA. Incubate on ice for up to 45mins.
2. Heat-shock the cells in a water bath (42oC) for 120 secs, and place on ice again for 3-4 mins.
3. Add 1ml of LB broth and incubate the cells at 37oC for 1 - 1.5hr.
4. Spin down the cells in a microfuge (~20secs) and remove the supernatant.
5. Re-suspend the cells pellet in ~200µl of broth or d.H2O and plate out on LB (agar at 1.5%), containing the appropriate selection markers.

Bacillus subtilis 168 Competent cell Prep and Transformation

Before starting this procedure, you need to prepare the following media:

SMM medium

For 1 litre you need:

• 2.0g ammonium sulphate
• 14.0g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
• 6.0g potassium dihydrogen phosphate
• 1.0g sodium citrate dehydrate (trisodium citrate)
• 100µl 1M magnesium sulphate

Make it up to 1 litre, split into 5X 200ml bottles and autoclave

MM competence medium

For 10ml you need:

• 10ml SMM media
• 125µl solution E (40% glucose)
• 100µl Tryptophan solution
• 60µl solution F (MgSO4)
• 10µl casamino acids
• 5µl Fe-NH4-citrate

Starvation medium

For 10ml you need:

• 10ml SMM media
• 125µl solution E (40% glucose)
• 60µl solution F (MgSO4)

Methods:

1. Inoculate Bacillus subtilis W168 into a 50ml falcon tube containing 10ml of MM competence medium.
2. Incubate overnight in a shaking incubator at 37°C.
3. Inoculate 1ml of the overnight culture into a 125ml flask containing 10ml of MM competence medium.
4. Incubate the flask at 37°C until they reach the transition from exponentially phase to the stationary phase [link to growth curve] between (Abs600nm=0.4-0.45 after ~3hrs).
5. Warm up the starvation medium to 37°C.
6. Add 10ml of starvation medium (pre-warmed) into each flask and incubate for a further 1.5hrs at 37°C (may need to pre-induce: Ery 0.002µg/ml, Cm 0.05µg/ml).
7. Concentrate cells 10x by centrifuging 4500rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature.
8. Remove 90% of the supernatant and dissolve the cels in 2ml that remain.
9. Transfer 50ul of the medium containing B. subtilis into 2ml tubes, and add appropriate amount of DNA.
10. Incubate the samples for 1hr at 37°C in the shaking incubator. The tubes have to be aerated, therefore incubate the tubes on their side.
11. Plate the mix onto agar plates containing the appropriate antibiotic markers and incubate plates overnight at 37°C.

Inoculating L-forms into Chinese Cabbage

1. Rinse seeds for 2 minutes in 70% (v/v) ethanol.
2. Soak seeds for 10 minutes in 20% (v/v) Milton’s sterilising fluid.
3. Wash seeds thoroughly five times in sterile distilled water and leave in final wash for fifteen minutes.
4. Place seeds in (9cm) Petri dishes (20-25 seeds per dish) containing Murashige and Skoog (M and S) basal medium, solidified with 0.8% (w/v) agar no.1 (Oxoid, UK) and incubate at 25 degrees Celsius in the dark until radicals just appear (this should take 21-24hr for Chinese cabbage).
5. Use spectrophotometry to produce a bacterial suspension containing approximately 10⁷ CFU ml-1 (OD600: approx. 0.7).
6. Select seeds with radicals 1-2mm in length and soak in the bacterial suspension (20 seeds per 10ml) for 3 hours at 25 degrees Celsius, gently shaking the seeds by hand every 30 minutes. Treat some seedlings with 5% (w/v) mannitol instead of L-forms to act as a control.
7. Wash seeds ten times in distilled water to lyse any extracellular L-forms.
8. Replant plants on M and S agar plates.
9. Incubate seeds in sunlight for between 24 hours and 7 days at 25°C.
10. The plants are ready to be viewed using microscopy.

References

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12859751 Tsomlexoglou, E., Daulagala, P.W.H.K.P., Gooday, G.W., Glover, L.A., Seddon, B. and Allan, E.J. (2003) 'Molecular detection and β-glucuronidase expression of gus-marked Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria in developing Chinese cabbage seedlings', Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(2), pp. 218-224.]

Visualisation of L-forms in plants

For the visualisation of L-forms in plants, both of the following solutions must be produced prior to commencing the procedure.

Gus staining solution

• 0.5 mg ml-1 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-ß-D-glucuronide, X-gluc (Sigma)
• 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7•0)
• 1% Triton X-100
• 1%N,N' dimethylformamide (DMF)
• 10 mM EDTA

Fixing solution

• 5% formaldehyde (v/v)
• 5% (v/v) acetic acid
• 20% (v/v) ethanol

1. Harvest batches of five seedlings at daily intervals for seven days after treatment.
2. Vacuum-infiltrate intact seedlings in a vacuum oven for 20 with gus staining solution.
3. Cover the infiltrated seedlings and incubate in staining solution at 37°C until blue colour appears (approximatly 2 hours).
4. Wash seedlings twice with 50% (v/v) glycerol to remove gus staining solution and re-suspend in 50% (v/v) glycerol.
5. When blue colour appears, fix in fixing solution.
6. Store in 100% ethanol.

References:

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12859751 Tsomlexoglou, E., Daulagala, P.W.H.K.P., Gooday, G.W., Glover, L.A., Seddon, B. and Allan, E.J. (2003) 'Molecular detection and β-glucuronidase expression of gus-marked Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria in developing Chinese cabbage seedlings', Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(2), pp. 218-224.]

Making Starch Agar Plates

1. Add 1g starch powder (to 100mL LB)
2. Add 1g bacterial agar powder
3. Mix by shaking gently and microwave until solute has completely dissolved
4. Pour into pre-labelled petri-dishes (100mL for 4 plate)
5. Remove any bubbles by quickly moving the flame of a Bunsen burner over the poured agar
6. Leave to set 30-45 minutes
7. Put the plates in a fan-cupboard for 10 minutes with their lids partially off to dry out any condensation before plating