Biochemist Herbert Boyer and geneticist Stanley Cohen combine the first successful recombinant DNA organism, an E. coli bacterial cell that expressed the gene for frog ribosomal DNA
1974
Biologist Rudolf Jaenisch creates the first genetically modified animal, a transgenic mouse, by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo.
1976
Monsanto patents Roundup herbicide.
1982
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves the first genetically engineered drug Humulin, a form of human insulin produced by recombinant E. coli bacteria. Prior to the development of synthesized human insulin, patients were dependent on animal insulin, which was more costly, less accessible, and sometimes caused infection. Humulin is identical in chemical structure to human insulin.
1983
The first transgenic plant, a tobacco plant resistant to antibiotics, is created at Washington University in Missouri.
1986
The first field tests of genetically engineered (tobacco) plants are conducted in Belgium.
1987
The first field tests of genetically engineered (tobacco and tomato) crops are conducted in the United States.
1992
The U.S. Department of Agriculture approves the Flavr Savr tomato, intended to be resistant to softening and consequent rotting, as the first genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. Production ceased in 1997 due to poor crop turnaround and mounting costs.
The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are “not inherently dangerous” and do not require special safety testing or specific regulation, because they are alike and more aligned with the category of “whole foods”, which the FDA does not oversee, rather than “food products.”
1994
The European Union’s first genetically engineered crop, tobacco, is approved for use in France.
1997
FlavrSavr tomatoes are taken off the market due to increased competition from longer-lasting, conventional varieties.
Requirements for labeling of novel foods and ingredients, those that have not been used for human consumption to a significant degree in the EU are outlined. The labels are required to include characteristics, materials which may affect the health of some individuals and materials that give rise to ethical concerns.
After the delivery of unlabelled Genetically Engineered soybeans from the US to European ports, Greenpeace-led activists protest in front of multinational food companies across Europe. As media attention intensifies, Austria and Italy refuse GMO imports and France suspends all GMO imports until regulatory legislation can be reviewed.
The FDA Modernization Act is signed into law and streamlines the FDA’s procedures relating to the regulation of food, drugs, devices and biological products. Critics fear the legislation will encourage more crop deregulation.
1998
Monsanto introduces Roundup Ready corn and canola which are promised to increase crop yields over conventional varieties. Twenty years later, studies show this not to be the case.
1999
Mounting environmental and health concerns surrounding GM crops in Europe leads big food manufacturers to commit to removing all Genetically Modified ingredients in EU products. Major food chains in England including Sainsbury, Tesco, Marks and Spencer, Burger King and McDonalds also announce their intention to avoid all GM ingredients.
2000
The EU adopts regulation that even additives and flavoring must be specifically labeled if DNA or protein of GMO origin is present in the final product.
Several countries pass laws requiring GM food labels: Australia, the Czech Republic, Hong Kong, and Russia pass laws requiring labels for GM foods.
The FDA announces that the labeling of GM foods would remain voluntary, but also publishes guidelines for companies that wished to label their products as free of GM products. The U.S. Department of Agriculture also promises to develop standardized tests for GM foods.
2001
Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan follow suit and also pass laws requiring special labels for GM foods.
2003
GloFish, a GM fluorescent fish first developed in 1999, is introduce to the U.S. market after being available in Taiwan earlier in 2003. Since their introduction, there have been no reports of any ecological concerns associated with their sale, though they are illegal in California due to a regulation that bans all genetically modified fish. They are also banned in Canada and within the EU.
Greenpeace praises the Eu for adopting the world’s strictest and most comprehensive rules on GMOs. The new system requires that all GE ingredients – from consumer products to animal feed – be traced and labeled.
2004
Mendocino County in California is the first jurisdiction to ban the cultivation, production and distribution of GMOs in the US. Today, 14 states including California have proposals to require the labeling to GM foods.
1998 - 2004
The EU imposes an unofficial ban on GMO-based products, refusing to engage in experimental or commercial growth of new gene crops and to import GM food products. The World Trade Organization is currently due to rule if this unofficial ban restricted trade.
2010
The FDA receives an application for the first genetically modified animal for human consumption. The AquAdvantage Salmon, created by AquaBounty Technologies, has a gene from the ocean pout and a growth hormone from a Chinook salmon, which allows it to “reach market size twice as fast as a traditional salmon”. The FDA determines more research is necessary to assess the safety of genetically engineered animals intended for human consumption.
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Regulations in Place
Voluntary: Canada and US
Mandatory: EU, Australia, the Czech Republic, Hong Kong, and Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Arguments For and Against GMO Labeling
Pro-labeling Arguments
Consumers have a right to know what’s in their food, especially concerning products for which health and environmental concerns have been raised (Raab and Grobe, 2003).
Mandatory labeling will allow consumers to identify and steer clear of food products that cause them problems.
Surveys indicate that a majority of Americans support mandatory labeling. (However, such surveys often do not specify the effect on food prices.)
least 21 countries and the European Union have established some form of mandatory labeling (Gruere and Rao, 2007; Phillips and McNeill, 2000).
For religious or ethical reasons, many Americans want to avoid eating animal products, including animal DNA.
Anti-labeling Arguments
Labels on GE food imply a warning about health effects, whereas no significant differences between GE and conventional foods have been detected. If a nutritional or allergenic difference were found in a GE food, current FDA regulations require a label to that effect.
Labeling of GE foods to fulfill the desires of some consumers would impose a cost on all consumers. Experience with mandatory labeling in the European Union, Japan, and New Zealand has not resulted in consumer choice. Rather, retailers have eliminated GE products from their shelves due to perceived consumer aversion to GE products (Carter and Gruere, 2003).
Consumers who want to buy non-GE food already have an option: to purchase certified organic foods, which by definition cannot be produced with GE ingredients.
The food system infrastructure (storage, processing, and transportation facilities) in this country could not currently accommodate the need for segregation of GE and non-GE products.
Consumers who want to avoid animal products need not worry about GE food. No GE products currently on the market or under review contain animal genes. (However, there is no guarantee that this will not happen in the future.)
Labeling Recommendations
Purpose:
Education
Freedom of choice
Transparency
Safety precaution
Decreasing tension, fear and uncertainty
Language:
“Genetic Modification” must specifically refer to biotechnology and be defined as such: natural breeding may have occured
“GMO-Free” is essentially impossible to prove, better worded as: “Not using ingredients produced using biotechnology”
“This [insert product] was not genetically engineered” might be misleading and implying that others [such products] are genetically engineered
Include:
Bacteria or yeast and the strain used (role in original product)
The modification made to the bacteria or yeast
Reason for modification and what was accomplished through this modification
Potential allergens introduced into the products
Suggestions: *QR code (find out more)
Regulations:
GM additives must be labeled accordingly following the same regulations
Biotechnologically modified products that do not contain any GM material in the final stage need not be labeled
Foods produced or taken from species with GM feed need not be labeled as long as GM material is not present in the final product
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