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From 2013.igem.org

Contents 1 The Problem 2 CardBio: The Project 3 Our Design 3.1 Sindorme 3.2 References

The Problem

CardBio: The Project

After forming the Brazil_UFMG team, we were ready to think what would be our starting point. We were all interested in implementing a way to solve a ```relevant´´´ problem that was part of our daily life. Having this in mind, we had worked around many ideas, but all of them were related to how to diagnose diseases precociously. After --Lucasfrib 00:35, 23 September 2013 (CDT)

several discussions, our target was chosen: we decided to create a mechanism that allows for a prognostic of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), a set of symptoms attributed to the coronary arteries obstruction, a cardiovascular disease directly associated to a large heart attack incidence that affects millions of people around the world every year (Searle et al., 2010). The ACS is characterized by the formation of atheroma in coronary artery. Pathologically, an atheroma is a swelling and an accumulation on the artery wall composed mainly by macrophages, organic residues derived from dead cells, lipids such as cholesterol and fat acids, calcium and variable quantity of fibrous conjunctive #tissues, also known as coronary plaque

1. 1. (CP). The overflow of this structure in t
      1. he artery lumen provoke its occlusion, causing a myocardium

blood flow obstruction and, posteriorly, causing tissue falence (Danne et al., 2010). In USA, in 2004, approximately 200.000 people died by heart attack, and in 2009, about 1.190.000 patients were diagnosed with ACS (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2012 Update : A Report From the American Heart Association). In Brazil, data is no less worrying. The number of hospitalization in 2010 arisen from Acute Myocardium Infarction (AMI) was near 80.000 and more than 90% of this cases evolved to death (Teich et al., 2011). It is observed in ACS that plaque formation and its development release several substances in the patient blood. Some of them have a big potential to be explored as possible biomarkers to ACS, which can be used in order to develop new mechanisms to perform a disease prognostic. The current methods have used troponin, a very abundant protein in the cardiac muscle tissue, correlating its concentration increase in blood and the patient clinical history - symptoms as angina and chest pain - to diagnose an AMI in patients, consequently the diagnose indicate ACS as well. Despite working as a very efficient biomarker to diagnose ACS, troponin’s concentration just increase considerably in a stage where CP overflow has already occurred. For this reason, affirming that “a biomarker that detect the CP instability and/or myocardium ischemia in patients with ACS, before the increasing of the troponin in the blood, have the potential to amplify considerably the clinical tools available” (Danne et al., 2010) is indubiously relevant. Given these information, Brazil_UFMG team chose to develop a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) able to measure blood serum concentrations of specific molecules with potential to be ACS biomarkers, to be used as an efficient method of prognostic test. References: Danne, O. and M. Mockel (2010). "Choline in acute coronary syndrome: an emerging biomarker with implications for the integrated assessment of plaque vulnerability." Expert Rev Mol Diagn 10(2): 159-171. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2012 Update : A Report From the American Heart Association. Searle, J., O. Danne, C. Muller and M. Mockel (2010).

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"Biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention." Minerva Cardioangiol. Vanessa Teich, Denizar Vianna Araujo. “Custo da Síndrome Coronariana Aguda.” Rev Bras Cardiol. 2011;24(2):85-94

Our Design

After forming <ref name="Ref06">Reference text</ref> the Brazil_UFMG team, we were ready to think what would be our starting point. We were all interested in implementing a way to solve a relevant problem that was part of our daily life. Having this in mind, we had worked around many ideas, but all of them were related to how to diagnose diseases precociously. After several discussions, our target was chosen: we decided to create a mechanism that allows for a prognostic of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), a set of symptoms attributed to the coronary arteries obstruction, a cardiovascular disease directly associated to a large heart attack incidence that affects millions of people around the world every year (Searle et al., 2010). The ACS is characterized by the formation of atheroma in coronary artery. Pathologically, an atheroma is a swelling and an accumulation on the artery wall composed mainly by macrophages, organic residues derived from dead cells, lipids such as cholesterol and fat acids, calcium and variable quantity of fibrous conjunctive tissues, also known as coronary plaque (CP). The overflow of this structure in the artery lumen provoke its occlusion, causing a myocardium blood flow obstruction and, posteriorly, causing tissue falence (Danne et al., 2010). In USA, in 2004, approximately 200.000 people died by heart attack, and in 2009, about 1.190.000 patients were diagnosed with ACS (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2012 Update : A Report From the American Heart Association). In Brazil, data is no less worrying. The number of hospitalization in 2010 arisen from Acute Myocardium Infarction (AMI) was near 80.000 and more than 90% of this cases evolved to death (Teich et al., 2011). It is observed in ACS that plaque formation and its development release several substances in the patient blood. Some of them have a big potential to be explored as possible biomarkers to ACS, which can be used in order to develop new mechanisms to perform a disease prognostic. The current methods have used troponin, a very abundant protein in the cardiac muscle tissue, correlating its concentration increase in blood and the patient clinical history - symptoms as angina and chest pain - to diagnose an AMI in patients, consequently the diagnose indicate ACS as well. Despite working as a very efficient biomarker to diagnose ACS, troponin’s concentration just increase considerably in a stage where CP overflow has already occurred. For this reason, affirming that “a biomarker that detect the CP instability and/or myocardium ischemia in patients with ACS, before the increasing of the troponin in the blood, have the potential to amplify considerably the clinical tools available” (Danne et al., 2010) is indubiously relevant. Given these information, Brazil_UFMG team chose to develop a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) able to measure blood serum concentrations of specific molecules with potential to be ACS biomarkers, to be used as an efficient method of prognostic test. References: Danne, O. and M. Mockel (2010). "Choline in acute coronary syndrome: an emerging biomarker with implications for the integrated assessment of plaque vulnerability." Expert Rev Mol Diagn 10(2): 159-171. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2012 Update : A Report From the American Heart Association. Searle, J., O. Danne, C. Muller and M. Mockel (2010). "Biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention." Minerva Cardioangiol. Vanessa Teich, Denizar Vianna Araujo. “Custo da Síndrome Coronariana Aguda.” Rev Bras Cardiol. 2011;24(2):85-94

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Sindorme

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References

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