Team:INSA Toulouse/contenu/extras/glossary

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   <h1 class="title1">Glossary</h1>
   <h1 class="title1">Glossary</h1>
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  <h2 class="title2">Abstract</h2>
 
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     <ul class="arrow">
     <ul class="arrow">
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Abstraction: </span>a term borrowed from software engineering to indicate the management of complexity inherent to biological parts and the systems made with them. Abstraction simplifies components by hiding, or "black boxing" information, facilitating their use and re-use.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Abstraction: </span>a term borrowed from software engineering to indicate the management of complexity inherent to biological parts and the systems made with them. Abstraction simplifies components by hiding, or "black boxing" information, facilitating their use and re-use.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Biosafety level: </span> de ouf.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Biosafety level: </span>precautions and containment rules for safely working with biological agents in laboratory facilities.</li>
-
      <li><span class="spantitle2">Gros caca: </span> precautions and containment rules for safely working with biological agents in laboratory facilities.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Cloning: </span>recombinant DNA molecules inserted into a plasmid or virus "vector." The vector must then be introduced into a host cell without killing it.
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Cloning: </span>recombinant DNA molecules inserted into a plasmid or virus "vector." The vector must then be introduced into a host cell without killing it.</li>
+
<li><span class="spantitle2">Device: </span>an engineered genetic object that produces a human-defined function under specified conditions. Devices are produced by combining one or more standard biological parts.</li>
-
      <li><span class="spantitle2">Device: </span>an engineered genetic object that produces a human-defined function under specified conditions. Devices are produced by combining one or more standard biological parts.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">DNA Synthesis: </span>chemical assembly of nucleotides in a specified order.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">DNA Synthesis: </span>chemical assembly of nucleotides in a specified order.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Gel electrophoresis: </span>the use of current to draw a polymer (like DNA or proteins) through a sieving matrix, separating the polymers by size. Most often agarose is the matrix used for DNA electrophoresis, and polyacrylamide is the matrix used for proteins.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Gel electrophoresis: </span>Method using an electric field to separate charged polymers like DNA or proteins loaded into a sieving medium, usually a gel such as agarose or polyacrylamide gels. Polymers are separated according to their charge and size. </li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">iGEM: </span> the international Genetically Engineered Machine competition in which teams of undergraduates build living systems from standardized, biological parts.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">iGEM: </span> : the international Genetically Engineered Machine competition in which teams of undergraduates build living systems from standardized, biological parts.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Inverter: </span> takes an input signal and produces the opposite output signal, e.g., HIGH input produces LOW output and vice versa. An inverter functions like a Boolean NOT.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Inverter: </span> takes an input signal and produces the opposite output signal, e.g., HIGH input produces LOW output and vice versa. An inverter functions like a Boolean NOT.</li>
-
      <li><span class="spantitle2">Measurement: </span> the quantitative assessment of a biological function. Measurements can be made of a part, device or system.</li>
 
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Open Reading Frame (ORF): </span> the DNA pattern of triplet sequences that encode a protein.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Open Reading Frame (ORF): </span> the DNA pattern of triplet sequences that encode a protein.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Part: </span>a nucleic acid-encoded biological function.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Part: </span> a nucleic acid-encoded biological function.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">PCR: </span>a technique for amplifying DNA of known or unknown sequence. The reactions require only 4 components: DNA to be amplified, oligonucleotide primers to bind sequences flanking the target, dNTPs to polymerize into new DNA chains, and a heat stable polymerase in a buffered solution to carry out the synthesis reaction.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">PCR: </span>a technique for amplifying DNA. The reactions require only 4 components: DNA to be amplified, oligonucleotide primers to bind sequences flanking the target, dNTPs which will be incorporated in the neo-synthesized  DNA chains, and a heat stable polymerase in an approriate buffered solution that will catalyze  the synthesis reaction.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Plasmid: </span>a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule typically containing a few thousand base pairs that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA. Plasmid DNA is easily purified from cells, manipulated using common lab techniques and incorporated into cells.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Plasmid: </span>a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule typically containing a few thousand base pairs that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA. Plasmid DNA is easily recovered from cell cultures. They usually contain a multiple cloning site to allow insertion of heterologous DNA and can be easily re-incorporated into host cells using common lab techniques.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Promoter: </span>sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds for initiation of transcription.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Promoter: </span>sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds for initiation of transcription. This DNA region is located upstream the gene of interest and finely regulate its transcription.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Recombinase: </span>genetic recombination enzyme. DNA recombinases are widely used in multicellular organisms to manipulate the structure of genomes, and to control gene expression. These enzymes, derived from bacteria and fungi, catalyze directionally sensitive DNA exchange reactions between short (30–40 nucleotides) target site sequences that are specific to each recombinase. These reactions enable four basic functional modules, excision/insertion, inversion, translocation and cassette exchange, which have been used individually or combined in a wide range of configurations to control gene expression.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Recombinase: </span>genetic recombination enzyme. DNA recombinases are widely used in multicellular organisms to manipulate the structure of genomes, and to control gene expression. These enzymes, derived from bacteria and fungi, catalyze directionally sensitive DNA exchange reactions between short (30–40 nucleotides) target site sequences that are specific to each recombinase. These reactions enable four basic functional modules, excision/insertion, inversion, translocation and cassette exchange, which can be either indivually used or combined in a wide range of configurations to control gene expression.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Restriction Enzyme: </span>an enzyme that recognizes and cleaves a specific DNA sequence.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Restriction Enzyme: </span>an enzyme that recognizes and cleaves a specific DNA sequence.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Ribosome Binding Site (RBS): </span> the sequence of RNA to which ribosome binds for initiation of translation.</li>
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Ribosome Binding Site (RBS): </span> the sequence of RNA to which ribosome binds for initiation of translation.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Riboswitch: </span>regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule, resulting in a change in production of the proteins encoded by the mRNA. Thus, an mRNA that contains a riboswitch is directly involved in regulating its own activity, in response to the concentrations of its effector molecule. The discovery that modern organisms use RNA to bind small molecules, and discriminate against closely related analogs, expanded the known natural capabilities of RNA beyond its ability to code for proteins, catalyze reactions, or to bind other RNA or protein macromolecules.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Riboswitch: </span>regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule. As a result of ligand binding, gene expression may be activated or suppressed. Thus, an mRNA that contains a riboswitch is directly involved in regulating its own activity, in response to the concentrations of its effector molecule. </li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Standardization: </span>a series of assembly and characterization rules. In time, these standards may allow the reliable physical and functional assembly of genetic parts into devices, and devices into systems.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Standardization: </span>a series of assembly and characterization rules. These standards may allow the reliable physical and functional assembly of genetic parts into devices, and devices into systems..</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Transcription: </span> the reaction that converts of DNA-templated information to RNA. This reaction is catalyzed by one of several RNA polymerases.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Transcription: </span> the reaction that converts of DNA-template information to RNA. This reaction is catalyzed by one of several RNA polymerases.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Transcriptional Terminator: </span>a sequence of DNA that signals the RNA polymerase to cease the synthesis of RNA. Terminator sequences are often inverted repeats in the DNA that fold into stem-loop structures, leading the RNA polymerase to pause and leave the DNA it is transcribing.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Transcriptional Terminator: </span>a sequence of DNA that signals the end of transcription by RNA polymerase. Terminator sequences are often inverted repeats in the DNA that fold into stem-loop structures, leading the RNA polymerase to pause and be released from the DNA template.</li>
-
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Translation: </span> the reaction that converts RNA-templated information to protein. This reaction is catalyzed by ribosomes.</li>
+
       <li><span class="spantitle2">Translation: </span> Process that converts messenger RNA information to protein. This reaction occurs in the ribosomes, a molecular machinery dedicated to protein synthesis.</li>
     </ul>
     </ul>
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Latest revision as of 15:54, 4 October 2013

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Glossary

  • Abstraction: a term borrowed from software engineering to indicate the management of complexity inherent to biological parts and the systems made with them. Abstraction simplifies components by hiding, or "black boxing" information, facilitating their use and re-use.
  • Biosafety level: precautions and containment rules for safely working with biological agents in laboratory facilities.
  • Cloning: recombinant DNA molecules inserted into a plasmid or virus "vector." The vector must then be introduced into a host cell without killing it.
  • Device: an engineered genetic object that produces a human-defined function under specified conditions. Devices are produced by combining one or more standard biological parts.
  • DNA Synthesis: chemical assembly of nucleotides in a specified order.
  • Gel electrophoresis: Method using an electric field to separate charged polymers like DNA or proteins loaded into a sieving medium, usually a gel such as agarose or polyacrylamide gels. Polymers are separated according to their charge and size.
  • iGEM: : the international Genetically Engineered Machine competition in which teams of undergraduates build living systems from standardized, biological parts.
  • Inverter: takes an input signal and produces the opposite output signal, e.g., HIGH input produces LOW output and vice versa. An inverter functions like a Boolean NOT.
  • Open Reading Frame (ORF): the DNA pattern of triplet sequences that encode a protein.
  • Part: a nucleic acid-encoded biological function.
  • PCR: a technique for amplifying DNA. The reactions require only 4 components: DNA to be amplified, oligonucleotide primers to bind sequences flanking the target, dNTPs which will be incorporated in the neo-synthesized DNA chains, and a heat stable polymerase in an approriate buffered solution that will catalyze the synthesis reaction.
  • Plasmid: a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule typically containing a few thousand base pairs that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA. Plasmid DNA is easily recovered from cell cultures. They usually contain a multiple cloning site to allow insertion of heterologous DNA and can be easily re-incorporated into host cells using common lab techniques.
  • Promoter: sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds for initiation of transcription. This DNA region is located upstream the gene of interest and finely regulate its transcription.
  • Recombinase: genetic recombination enzyme. DNA recombinases are widely used in multicellular organisms to manipulate the structure of genomes, and to control gene expression. These enzymes, derived from bacteria and fungi, catalyze directionally sensitive DNA exchange reactions between short (30–40 nucleotides) target site sequences that are specific to each recombinase. These reactions enable four basic functional modules, excision/insertion, inversion, translocation and cassette exchange, which can be either indivually used or combined in a wide range of configurations to control gene expression.
  • Restriction Enzyme: an enzyme that recognizes and cleaves a specific DNA sequence.
  • Ribosome Binding Site (RBS): the sequence of RNA to which ribosome binds for initiation of translation.
  • Riboswitch: regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule. As a result of ligand binding, gene expression may be activated or suppressed. Thus, an mRNA that contains a riboswitch is directly involved in regulating its own activity, in response to the concentrations of its effector molecule.
  • Standardization: a series of assembly and characterization rules. These standards may allow the reliable physical and functional assembly of genetic parts into devices, and devices into systems..
  • Transcription: the reaction that converts of DNA-template information to RNA. This reaction is catalyzed by one of several RNA polymerases.
  • Transcriptional Terminator: a sequence of DNA that signals the end of transcription by RNA polymerase. Terminator sequences are often inverted repeats in the DNA that fold into stem-loop structures, leading the RNA polymerase to pause and be released from the DNA template.
  • Translation: Process that converts messenger RNA information to protein. This reaction occurs in the ribosomes, a molecular machinery dedicated to protein synthesis.