Team:NYMU-Taipei/Modeling/Linear epidemic model

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{{:Team:NYMU-Taipei/Header}}
{{:Team:NYMU-Taipei/Header}}
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==Ethanol model==
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=Epidemic model=
-
===Backgroud:===
+
==Backgrouds==
-
Honey bee is a social insect and can be divided into several classes – queens, drones, and workers, which can further be classified into field bee (which is responsible for getting honey from the nature) and house bee (which is responsible for cleaning hives). However, a single bee (especially field bee) may fall ill to CCD when it intakes water or food contaminated by Nosema ceranae spores. What’s worse, CCD may in turn spread to other bees through exchanging substances via mouthparts or feeding food to sacbroods.
+
Honey bee is a social insect and can be divided into several classes – queens, drones, and workers, which can further be classified into field bee (which is responsible for getting honey from the nature) and house bee (which is responsible for cleaning hives). However, a single bee (especially field bee) may fall ill to CCD when it intakes water or food contaminated by ''Nosema ceranae'' spores. What’s worse, CCD may in turn spread to other bees through exchanging substances via mouthparts or feeding food to sacbroods.
-
After getting into bees’ midgut, Nosema spores will germinate, elongate its polarfilament, and pierce into midgut epithelial cells to transmit its genetic material. After finishing several life cycles, the infected epithelial cells will burst, leading to the spread of Nosema spores to nearby epithelial cells.  
+
After getting into bees’ midgut, ''Nosema'' spores will germinate, elongate its polarfilament, and pierce into midgut epithelial cells to transmit its genetic material. After finishing several life cycles, the infected epithelial cells will burst, leading to the spread of ''Nosema'' spores to nearby epithelial cells.  
-
The life cycle of Nosema Ceranae:
+
The life cycle of ''Nosema Ceranae'':
[[File: NYMU_life cycle of N.png|center]]
[[File: NYMU_life cycle of N.png|center]]
-
The spores of Nosema ceranae:
+
The spores of ''Nosema ceranae'':
[[File: NYMU_99.png|center]]
[[File: NYMU_99.png|center]]
-
The method is let bees ingest the encapsulated Bee. coli, which is suspended in sugar solution and will proliferate in bees’ midgut to build up bees’ immunity.
+
The method is to let bees ingest the encapsulated ''Bee. coli'', which is suspended in sugar solution and will proliferate in bees’ midgut to build up bees’ immunity.
-
===The purpose of this modeling:===
+
==Objectives==
-
*How many encapsulated Bee. Coli does a bee need to get immunized and be effective to spread our Bee. Coli to other bees and let the whole hive be immunized.
+
*How many encapsulated ''Bee. coli'' does a bee need to get immunized and be effective to spread our ''Bee. coli'' to other bees and let the whole hive be immunized.
*How much time does the immunization requires and to see if it can save the whole society in time.
*How much time does the immunization requires and to see if it can save the whole society in time.
-
The assumption of infection and cure process:
+
==System==
 +
'''assumptions of infection and cure process'''
[[File: NYMU_98.png|center]]
[[File: NYMU_98.png|center]]
-
Where “suspected” means the healthy bees, “latent” means the Nosema infected but curable bees, “infected” means Nosema – infected bees which are incurable and doomed to death, “ingested capsule ” means bees with capsuled Bee. Coli, and “immunized” means bees immune to Nosema by Bee. coli intake.
+
{|class="wikitable" !Model!! Symbols on the picture!! meaning
-
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! style="text-align: center;"|Model
-
It is assumed that the whole colony will only get into two consequences – one is dying out (once the “latent bees” turn to be the “infected bees”), and the other is survive (once the “latent” or “suspected bees” becomes “ingested capsule bees”).
+
! style="text-align: center;"| Symbols on the picture
 +
! style="text-align: center;"|meaning
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan=5 style="text-align: center;"|'''epidemic'''
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|suspected
 +
| bees free of ''Nosema ceranae'' and having not ingested the capsule carrying Beecoli
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|latent
 +
| bees infected with a low-dose ''Nosema Ceranae''. They will not spread Nosema Ceranae to other bees and are curable by ingesting the capsule carrying Beecoli
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|infected
 +
| bees infected with ''Nosema Ceranae'' after a period of time that the population of ''Nosema Ceranae'' have grown too high to be killed by the capsule carrying Beecoli and thus the bees are incurable
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| ingested capsule
 +
| bees ingested the capsule carrying Beecoli but the time is too short for the capsule to be digested and in effective action
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| immunized
 +
| bees ingested the capsule carrying Beecoli and are totally cured after the ingested capsule are digested and in effective action
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
It is assumed that the whole colony will only get into two consequences – one is dying out (once latent bees turn to be infected bees), and the other is survive (once latent or suspected bees becomes ingested capsule bees).
 +
As soon as suspected bees are infected with ''Nosema'', they will move onto the latent stage. Latent bees contain low-dose ''Nosema Ceranae'' so they will not spread ''Nosema Ceranae'' to other bees and are curable by ingesting the capsule carrying Beecoli.
 +
However, if no measures are taken to prevent proliferation of ''Nosema'' in latent bees, latent bees will move onto the infected stage. Because the number of ''Nosema'' in bees is too high to be killed thoroughly, it is no use having infected bees been cured by capsule carrying Beecoli, which means they are doomed to death. What’s worse, in the infected stage, ''Nosema'' may spread from infected bees to other bees in the colony, leading to accelaration of ''Nosema'' spreading.
 +
Another assumption is that the capsule carrying Beecoli is not all effective. Neverthless, if the capsule is effective, then bees will move onto ingested capsule stage, which means they will definitely move onto the immunized stage and be cured eventually.
 +
 
 +
 
-
Equation:
 
<html>
<html>
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
-
\frac{d[S]}{dt}=\frac{ 1-[LacI]^{nLacI} }{ KdLacI^{nLacI}+[LacI]^{nLacI} }\timesPoPSpLac\times\frac{N}{V}-kdegmRNA\times[mRNACI]
+
\frac{d[S]}{dt}= -γSE-αS </div>
 +
</html>                     
 +
                                                                   
 +
<html>
 +
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
 +
\frac{d[E]}{dt}=γSE-εE-αE
</div>
</div>
</html>
</html>
-
'''Parameters:'''
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<html>
 +
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
 +
\frac{d[I]}{dt}=εE-μI </div>
 +
</html>
 +
 
 +
<html>
 +
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
 +
\frac{d[C]}{dt}=αS +αE-βC </div>
 +
</html>
 +
 
 +
<html>
 +
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
 +
\frac{d[R]}{dt}= βC </div>
 +
</html>
 +
 
 +
[[see more]]
 +
 
 +
'''Parameters'''
 +
 
N = total population
N = total population
 +
S = suspected
S = suspected
 +
E = latent (eminent)
E = latent (eminent)
 +
I = infected
I = infected
 +
C = ingested capsule
C = ingested capsule
 +
R = immunized (recovery)
R = immunized (recovery)
 +
α= suspected bees/ latent beesingested capsule bees rate constant
α= suspected bees/ latent beesingested capsule bees rate constant
-
γ= suspected bees latent bees rate constant
+
 
 +
γ= suspected bees latent bees rate constant
 +
 
β= ingested capsule bees immunized bees rate constant
β= ingested capsule bees immunized bees rate constant
 +
ε= latent bees infected bees rate constant
ε= latent bees infected bees rate constant
 +
μ= infected bees  dead bees rate constant
μ= infected bees  dead bees rate constant
-
'''Explanation:'''
 
-
Since
 
-
γSE represents the rate of suspected bees turning to latent bees by infected bees andαS the rate of suspected bees turning to ingested capsule bees after fed with sugar solution containing Bee. coli. The change rate of suspected bees(dS/dt) can therefore be expressed asγSE-αS.
 
-
Similarly,
+
'''How capsule concentration influences Bee.coli survival rate'''
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αE means the rate of latent bees turning to ingested capsule bees after fed with sugar solution containing Bee. coli andεE the rate of latent bees turning to infected bees without the treatment of Bee. coli. As a result, the change rate of latent bees(dE/dt) can therefore be expressed asγSE-εE-αE
+
We do this model in order to know whether capsules ingested by bees could be effective enough. That is, whether capsules could be digested by bees’ digestive juice, Bee.coli in capsules is able to proliferate, and finally, Bee. coli could reach the effective concentration (Bee.coli/bee) to defend ''Nosema'' infection. (Figure 1.)
-
Furthermore,
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The data of capsule digestion rate and Bee.coli survival rate is from experiment, while Bee.coli proliferation rate is assumed according to several papers [1] and confirmed dividing output by input.
-
μI is the rate of infected bees turning to dead bees, and thus, the change rate of infected bees (dI/dt) can therefore be expressed asεE-μI.
+
 
 +
The input is capsule concentration and the function contains the transfer of capsule digestion, survival and proliferation of Bee.coli, which then generates the output of Bee.coli/bee.
 +
 
 +
Last but not least, we retrieve the standard concentration of capsule-contained sugar water which will be fed to be colony via the formula below:
 +
 
 +
<html>
 +
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
 +
[capsule  concentration]={[Bee.coli  per  bee]}\times {proliferation  rate}\frac {1}{{digestion  rate  (of    capsule)}\times {survival  rate  (of  Bee.coli})}
 +
</div>
 +
</html>
-
What’s more,
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[[Image:NYMU_ highlight 2.png|center]]
-
βC represents the rate of ingested capsule bees turning to immunized bees after
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Figure1: model of capsule concentration and Bee.coli survival rate|center
-
Bee. coli kicks in. The change rate of ingested capsule bees (dC/dt) and immunized bees(dR/dt)can therefore be expressed asαS +αE-βC andβC respectively.
+
-
'''The aim of the equation is to know the relationship of the number of all stages of bees (suspected, latent, infected, ingested capsule, immunized), namely, the survival and death rate under the influence of both Nosema infection and Bee. coli treatment over a specific period of time.
 
-
For future prospect, the exponential epidemic model is considered more ideal and effective in spreading Bee. Coli throughout a bee colony. The only difference between linear and exponential epidemic model is that Bee. coli will proliferate exponentially in exponential epidemic model while in linear one , the number of Bee. coli is the same as the number of beads.'''
 
-
===Result:===
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==Results==
-
It is assumed that the whole bee colony is infected by Nosema, which is the most severe case. That is, bees are either latent or infected. According to our experiment, bees intaking sugar solution which contains capsules in a sufficient concentration have 100% of Bee. coli releasing from capsules. Here we discuss how much time it needs for the whole hive to recover from Nosema infection with different ratio of infected and latent stage.  
+
It is assumed that the whole bee colony is infected by ''Nosema'', which is the most severe case. That is, bees are either latent or infected. According to our experiment, bees intaking sugar solution which contains capsules in a sufficient concentration have 100% of Bee. coli releasing from capsules. Here we discuss how much time it needs for the whole hive to recover from ''Nosema'' infection with different ratio of infected and latent stage.  
    
    
'''1. E=10%, I= 90%'''
'''1. E=10%, I= 90%'''
Line 83: Line 144:
[[File: NYMU_93.png|center]]
[[File: NYMU_93.png|center]]
-
'''As the pictures shows, the bigger the ratio of latent bees are, the more population of recovery bees are; the bigger the ratio of latent bees are, the lower the peak of infected bees’ population are; the bigger the ratio of latent bees are, the higher the peak of ingested capsule bees’ population are.'''
+
As the pictures shows, when capsule amount remains constant, the higher the latent bees percentages are, the bigger the population survive eventually; when infection severity remains constant, the more the capsules fed to the colony, the higher the survival rate.
-
'''No matter which ratio of latent and infected bees is, it all shows that the whole bee colony will survive eventually, which fits our assumption that the whole colony will only get into two consequences – one is dying out (once the “latent bees” turn to be the “infected bees”), and the other is survive (once the “latent” or “suspected bees” becomes “ingested capsule bees”).''' 
+
Capsule concentration causes much differences to bee colonies in early infection stages (for example, full dose can save 70% of the curable population and 0.3 times of the full dose can only save 20% of the curable population), while bee colonies in terminal stages survival rate remain less than 10% regardless of the dosage.
 +
No matter which ratio of latent and infected bees is, it all shows that the whole bee colony will survive eventually, which fits our assumption that the whole colony will only get into two consequences – one is dying out (once the “latent bees” turn to be the “infected bees”), and the other is survive (once the “latent” or “suspected bees” becomes “ingested capsule bees”).
 +
To utilize this graph on agriculture, mark the current infection stage of the colony along x-axis and calculate the wanted survival rate (by dividing the wanted population of the survived beehive with current population). These two plains’ intersections points to the dosage required along y-axis. Make sure the survival rate chosen is higher than 10% so that a colony can recover from the infection.
 +
 
 +
[[File: NYMU_epidemic model.png|center]]
 +
This is the epidemic model picture, where X-direction represents infection to latent ratio; y-direction represents capsule concentration; z-direction represents survival rate. Besides, we assume that the colony with survival rate below ten is considered extinct. The result shows that if the infection rate(the ratio of bees in infected stage to bees in latent stage) is under 80 percentage, the colony is curable by feeding our capsule.
 +
==Discussion==
 +
As the pictures shows, when capsule amount remains constant, the higher the latent bees percentages are, the bigger the population survive eventually; when infection severity remains constant, the more the capsules fed to the colony, the higher the survival rate.
 +
Capsule concentration causes much differences to bee colonies in early infection stages (for example, full dose can save 70% of the curable population and 0.3 times of the full dose can only save 20% of the curable population), while bee colonies in terminal stages survival rate remain less than 10% regardless of the dosage.
 +
No matter which ratio of latent and infected bees is, it all shows that the whole bee colony will survive eventually, which fits our assumption that the whole colony will only get into two consequences – one is dying out (once the “latent bees” turn to be the “infected bees”), and the other is survive (once the “latent” or “suspected bees” becomes “ingested capsule bees”).
 +
To utilize this graph on agriculture, mark the current infection stage of the colony along x-axis and calculate the wanted survival rate (by dividing the wanted population of the survived beehive with current population). These two plains’ intersections points to the dosage required along y-axis. Make sure the survival rate chosen is higher than 10% so that a colony can recover from the infection.
 +
==Parameters==
-
===Background:===
+
{| class="wikitable"
-
trxC promoter is an oxyR-activated promoter. Behind trxC promoter are several terminals to inhibit T7 polymerase-producing gene from being opened easily ; namely, it will not open until the concentration of oxyR is high enough, which means the bees are facing disastrous infection. Once oxyR concentration overcomes the threshold and conquers the terminal obstacles, T7 polymerase is produced and will bind to T7 promoter, which is a specific promoter binding only to T7 polymerase. Behind the T7promoter are enzyme PDC and ADH-producing genes, which will convert pyruvate to ethanol, and thus kill spores of ''Nosema Ceranae''.
+
!Model!!Parameter!!Description!!Value!!Unit!!Reference
-
====Pathway of ethanol:====
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|-
-
[[File:NYMU Taipei image002.JPEG|center|thumb|350px|]]
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| rowspan="6" | SEIR(exponential)
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PDC= pyruvate decarboxylase; ADH= Acetaldehyde
+
-
===The purpose of this modeling is:===
 
-
<br>
 
-
1.To simulate how many terminal do we need as a threshold to have the T7 polymerase-producing gene open at a proper time.<br>
 
-
2.To simulate the threshold concentration of oxyR to conquer the terminal.<br>
 
-
3.To determine the time of opening to see if the circuit could open in time (useful).<br>
 
 +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | b
 +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Infection rate constant of ''Nosema ceranae'' to the suspected
 +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 24/75
 +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Period(days)-1
 +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" | r1
 +
| Infection rate constant of K12 to the suspected
 +
| style="text-align: center;" |3/20
 +
| Period(days)-1
 +
| 1. Environment protection administration executive yuan of R.O.C Medical bacteriology of J.A.T
-
We assume that the equilibrium tendency of pyruvate to acetaldehyde is overwhelmingly rightward, while acetaldehyde to ethanol is bidirectional. We also assume that mRNA degrading rate is neglectable. As for how we measure promoter strengths, we choose PoPS, which is the rate of RNA polymerase binding to the DNA and trigger the transcription of the certain gene. It is assumed that the dose of pyruvate is sufficient in bees’ body through enough proliferation/copy number of Beecoli; the possibility of RNApolymerase skipping terminators is assumed to be proportional to time span; equilibrium between pyruvate and acetaldehyde is dominantly rightward, while equilibrium between acetaldehyde and ethanol is bidirectional; concentration of ethanol will not easily decrease and will sustain for a period of time.  
+
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |r2||Infection rate constant of K12 to the latent|| style="text-align: center;" |3/20 ||Period(days)-1||rowspan="2" | 2. Environment protection administration executive yuan of R.O.C.<br> 3. Medical bacteriology of J.A.T
-
===Equation1:===
+
|-
-
<html>
+
|style="text-align: center;" | e ||rate of the latent turns infectious||style="text-align: center;" |1/4||Period(days)-1
-
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
+
|-
-
<img src=""></img>
+
|style="text-align: center;" | u || Death rate of the infected || style="text-align: center;" |1/8||Period(days)-1||
-
</div>
+
|-
-
</html>
+
|style="text-align: center;" | k || Rate of intaking capsule ||style="text-align: center;" |24/11||Period(days)-1||
-
<br>
+
|-
-
1.KdROSoxyR = dissociation constant of ROSoxyR<br>
+
| rowspan="4" |SEIR(exponential&linear)
-
2.n ROSoxyR = Hill coefficient of ROSoxyR<br>
+
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | S
-
3.PoPStrxC = promoter strength of trxC<br>
+
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | x(1)
-
4.KdT7 = dissociation constant of T7<br>
+
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Amount of total population
-
5.NT7 = Hill coefficient of T7<br>
+
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
-
6.PoPST7 = promoter strength of T7 promoter<br>
+
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
-
7.kdegmRNA = degrading constant of sensor promoter mRNA<br>
+
|-
-
8.N = number of plasmid in a single cell<br>
+
|style="text-align: center;" | E
-
9.V = volume of a cell<br>
+
| style="text-align: center;" |x(2)
-
 
+
|style="text-align: center;" | Amount of suspected individuals
-
 
+
|
-
'''The aim of the equation is to know mRNA of T7 polymerase production rate and when it can reach the level to translate enough T7 poltmerase.'''
+
|
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
===Equation2:===
+
-
<html>
+
-
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
+
-
\frac{d[protein of T7 polymerase]}{dt}={RBS}\times{PoPStrxC}\times{\frac {[ROSoxyR]^{n1} }{[Kd]}^{n1}+[ROSoxyR]^{n1}}\times{\frac{N}{V}}\times{a}+PoPST7\times{T7effect}\times{\frac{N}{V}}-KdegT7\times{T7}
+
-
</div>
+
-
</html>
+
-
<br>
+
-
1.PoPStrxC = promotor strength of trxC promoter<br>
+
-
2.PoPST7 = promoter strength of T7 promoter<br>
+
-
3.RBS = binding site strength<br>
+
-
4.kdegT7 = degrading constant of T7 polymerase<br>
+
-
5.a = posibility of conquering the threshold concentration<br>
+
-
6.n1 = Hill coefficient of ROSoxyR (complex of ROS+oxyR)<br>
+
-
7.N = number of plasmid in a single cell<br>
+
-
8.V = volume of a cell<br>
+
-
'''The aim of the equation is to know the threshold concentration of oxyR to conquer the terminal and when T7 polymerase can reach the required concentration to activate T7 promoter'''.
+
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |I||style="text-align: center;" |x(3)|| style="text-align: center;" |Amount of individuals in the latent period || ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" | R ||style="text-align: center;" |x(4)||style="text-align: center;" |Amount of infected individuals||  ||
 +
|-
-
===Equation3:===
+
|}
-
<html>
+
-
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
+
-
\frac{d[mRNAPDC]}{dt}=\frac{ [T7]^{nT7} }{ KdT7^{nT7}+[T7]^{nY7} }\timesPoPST7\times\frac{N}{V}-kdegmRNA\times[mRNAPDC]
+
-
</div>
+
-
</html>
+
-
<br>
+
-
1.KdT7 = dissociation constant of T7<br>
+
-
2.NT7 = Hill coefficient of T7<br>
+
-
3.PoPST7 = promoter strength of T7 promoter<br>
+
-
4.kdegmRNA = degrading constant of sensor promoter mRNA<br>
+
-
5.N = number of plasmid in a single cell<br>
+
-
6.V = volume of a cell<br>
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
'''The aim of the equation is to know mRNA of enzyme PDC production rate and when it can reach the level to translate enough PDC.'''
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
===Equation4:===
+
-
<html>
+
-
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
+
-
\frac{d[PDC]}{dt}=RBS\times{P0PST7effect}\times{\frac {N}{V}-kdegPDC\times[PDC]}
+
-
</div>
+
-
</html>
+
-
<br>
+
-
1.RBS = binding site strength<br>
+
-
2.PoPST7 = promoter strength of T7 promoter<br>
+
-
3.N = number of plasmid in a single cell<br>
+
-
4.V = volume of a cell<br>
+
-
5.KdegPDC = degrading constant of PDC (pyruvate decarboxylase)<br>
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
'''The aim of the equation is to know PDC production rate and when it can reach the concentration of ethanol pathway equilibrium.'''
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
===Equation5:===
+
-
<html>
+
-
<div lang="latex" class="equation">
+
-
\frac{d[mRNAADH]}{dt}=\frac{ [T7]^{nT7} }{ KdT7^{nT7}+[T7]^{nY7} }\timesPoPST7\times\frac{N}{V}-kdegmRNA\times[mRNAADH]
+
-
</div>
+
-
</html>
+
-
<br>
+
-
1.KdT7= dissociation constant of T7<br>
+
-
2.NT7 = Hill coefficient of T7<br>
+
-
3.PoPST7 = promoter strength of T7 promoter<br>
+
-
4.kdegmRNA = degrading constant of sensor promoter mRNA<br>
+
-
5.N = number of plasmid in a single cell<br> 
+
-
6.V = volume of a cell<br>
+
-
 
+
{{:Team:NYMU-Taipei/Footer}}
{{:Team:NYMU-Taipei/Footer}}

Latest revision as of 16:47, 28 October 2013

National Yang Ming University


Contents

Epidemic model

Backgrouds

Honey bee is a social insect and can be divided into several classes – queens, drones, and workers, which can further be classified into field bee (which is responsible for getting honey from the nature) and house bee (which is responsible for cleaning hives). However, a single bee (especially field bee) may fall ill to CCD when it intakes water or food contaminated by Nosema ceranae spores. What’s worse, CCD may in turn spread to other bees through exchanging substances via mouthparts or feeding food to sacbroods.

After getting into bees’ midgut, Nosema spores will germinate, elongate its polarfilament, and pierce into midgut epithelial cells to transmit its genetic material. After finishing several life cycles, the infected epithelial cells will burst, leading to the spread of Nosema spores to nearby epithelial cells.

The life cycle of Nosema Ceranae:

NYMU life cycle of N.png

The spores of Nosema ceranae:

NYMU 99.png

The method is to let bees ingest the encapsulated Bee. coli, which is suspended in sugar solution and will proliferate in bees’ midgut to build up bees’ immunity.

Objectives

  • How many encapsulated Bee. coli does a bee need to get immunized and be effective to spread our Bee. coli to other bees and let the whole hive be immunized.
  • How much time does the immunization requires and to see if it can save the whole society in time.

System

assumptions of infection and cure process

NYMU 98.png
Model Symbols on the picture meaning
epidemic suspected bees free of Nosema ceranae and having not ingested the capsule carrying Beecoli
latent bees infected with a low-dose Nosema Ceranae. They will not spread Nosema Ceranae to other bees and are curable by ingesting the capsule carrying Beecoli
infected bees infected with Nosema Ceranae after a period of time that the population of Nosema Ceranae have grown too high to be killed by the capsule carrying Beecoli and thus the bees are incurable
ingested capsule bees ingested the capsule carrying Beecoli but the time is too short for the capsule to be digested and in effective action
immunized bees ingested the capsule carrying Beecoli and are totally cured after the ingested capsule are digested and in effective action

It is assumed that the whole colony will only get into two consequences – one is dying out (once latent bees turn to be infected bees), and the other is survive (once latent or suspected bees becomes ingested capsule bees). As soon as suspected bees are infected with Nosema, they will move onto the latent stage. Latent bees contain low-dose Nosema Ceranae so they will not spread Nosema Ceranae to other bees and are curable by ingesting the capsule carrying Beecoli. However, if no measures are taken to prevent proliferation of Nosema in latent bees, latent bees will move onto the infected stage. Because the number of Nosema in bees is too high to be killed thoroughly, it is no use having infected bees been cured by capsule carrying Beecoli, which means they are doomed to death. What’s worse, in the infected stage, Nosema may spread from infected bees to other bees in the colony, leading to accelaration of Nosema spreading. Another assumption is that the capsule carrying Beecoli is not all effective. Neverthless, if the capsule is effective, then bees will move onto ingested capsule stage, which means they will definitely move onto the immunized stage and be cured eventually.


\frac{d[S]}{dt}= -γSE-αS

\frac{d[E]}{dt}=γSE-εE-αE

\frac{d[I]}{dt}=εE-μI

\frac{d[C]}{dt}=αS +αE-βC

\frac{d[R]}{dt}= βC

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Parameters

N = total population

S = suspected

E = latent (eminent)

I = infected

C = ingested capsule

R = immunized (recovery)

α= suspected bees/ latent beesingested capsule bees rate constant

γ= suspected bees latent bees rate constant

β= ingested capsule bees immunized bees rate constant

ε= latent bees infected bees rate constant

μ= infected bees  dead bees rate constant


How capsule concentration influences Bee.coli survival rate We do this model in order to know whether capsules ingested by bees could be effective enough. That is, whether capsules could be digested by bees’ digestive juice, Bee.coli in capsules is able to proliferate, and finally, Bee. coli could reach the effective concentration (Bee.coli/bee) to defend Nosema infection. (Figure 1.)

The data of capsule digestion rate and Bee.coli survival rate is from experiment, while Bee.coli proliferation rate is assumed according to several papers [1] and confirmed dividing output by input.

The input is capsule concentration and the function contains the transfer of capsule digestion, survival and proliferation of Bee.coli, which then generates the output of Bee.coli/bee.

Last but not least, we retrieve the standard concentration of capsule-contained sugar water which will be fed to be colony via the formula below:

[capsule concentration]={[Bee.coli per bee]}\times {proliferation rate}\frac {1}{{digestion rate (of capsule)}\times {survival rate (of Bee.coli})}

NYMU highlight 2.png

Figure1: model of capsule concentration and Bee.coli survival rate|center


Results

It is assumed that the whole bee colony is infected by Nosema, which is the most severe case. That is, bees are either latent or infected. According to our experiment, bees intaking sugar solution which contains capsules in a sufficient concentration have 100% of Bee. coli releasing from capsules. Here we discuss how much time it needs for the whole hive to recover from Nosema infection with different ratio of infected and latent stage.

1. E=10%, I= 90%

NYMU 97.png

2. E=30%, I=70%:

NYMU 96.png

3. E=70%, I=30%:

NYMU 95.png

4. E=90%, 10%:

NYMU 94.png

5. E=100%, I=0%:

NYMU 93.png

As the pictures shows, when capsule amount remains constant, the higher the latent bees percentages are, the bigger the population survive eventually; when infection severity remains constant, the more the capsules fed to the colony, the higher the survival rate.

Capsule concentration causes much differences to bee colonies in early infection stages (for example, full dose can save 70% of the curable population and 0.3 times of the full dose can only save 20% of the curable population), while bee colonies in terminal stages survival rate remain less than 10% regardless of the dosage.

No matter which ratio of latent and infected bees is, it all shows that the whole bee colony will survive eventually, which fits our assumption that the whole colony will only get into two consequences – one is dying out (once the “latent bees” turn to be the “infected bees”), and the other is survive (once the “latent” or “suspected bees” becomes “ingested capsule bees”).

To utilize this graph on agriculture, mark the current infection stage of the colony along x-axis and calculate the wanted survival rate (by dividing the wanted population of the survived beehive with current population). These two plains’ intersections points to the dosage required along y-axis. Make sure the survival rate chosen is higher than 10% so that a colony can recover from the infection.


NYMU epidemic model.png

This is the epidemic model picture, where X-direction represents infection to latent ratio; y-direction represents capsule concentration; z-direction represents survival rate. Besides, we assume that the colony with survival rate below ten is considered extinct. The result shows that if the infection rate(the ratio of bees in infected stage to bees in latent stage) is under 80 percentage, the colony is curable by feeding our capsule.

Discussion

As the pictures shows, when capsule amount remains constant, the higher the latent bees percentages are, the bigger the population survive eventually; when infection severity remains constant, the more the capsules fed to the colony, the higher the survival rate.

Capsule concentration causes much differences to bee colonies in early infection stages (for example, full dose can save 70% of the curable population and 0.3 times of the full dose can only save 20% of the curable population), while bee colonies in terminal stages survival rate remain less than 10% regardless of the dosage.

No matter which ratio of latent and infected bees is, it all shows that the whole bee colony will survive eventually, which fits our assumption that the whole colony will only get into two consequences – one is dying out (once the “latent bees” turn to be the “infected bees”), and the other is survive (once the “latent” or “suspected bees” becomes “ingested capsule bees”).

To utilize this graph on agriculture, mark the current infection stage of the colony along x-axis and calculate the wanted survival rate (by dividing the wanted population of the survived beehive with current population). These two plains’ intersections points to the dosage required along y-axis. Make sure the survival rate chosen is higher than 10% so that a colony can recover from the infection.

Parameters

ModelParameterDescriptionValueUnitReference
SEIR(exponential)


b Infection rate constant of Nosema ceranae to the suspected 24/75 Period(days)-1
r1 Infection rate constant of K12 to the suspected 3/20 Period(days)-1 1. Environment protection administration executive yuan of R.O.C Medical bacteriology of J.A.T
r2Infection rate constant of K12 to the latent3/20 Period(days)-1 2. Environment protection administration executive yuan of R.O.C.
3. Medical bacteriology of J.A.T
e rate of the latent turns infectious1/4Period(days)-1
u Death rate of the infected 1/8Period(days)-1
k Rate of intaking capsule 24/11Period(days)-1
SEIR(exponential&linear) S x(1) Amount of total population
E x(2) Amount of suspected individuals
Ix(3)Amount of individuals in the latent period
R x(4)Amount of infected individuals