Team:INSA Toulouse/contenu/project/binary reminder

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  <h1 class="title1"><i>E. calculus</i> design</h1>
 
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  <h2 class="title2">General idea</h2>
 
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   <p class="texte">The general idea of the project was to have distinct colonies of bacteria, each being a one bit calculator. The <i>E. calculus</i> strain can then be streaked several times, in the form of a thin line or circle on an agar plate, at regular intervals. The input signal (blue or red light) illuminates only one group of <i>E. calculus</i> at a time, allowing the full one bit calculation and the synthesis of the carry (AHL) if needed. After a certain period of time (long enough for the carry to diffuse to the next colony), illumination of the second colony can start. As the system is genetically stable, a relatively small amount of cells can be used, leading to amplification of the signal during growth of the switched bacteria. The output signal (RFP) would then be produced, stating a clear difference between the 0 or 1 state.
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   <h1 class="title1">Boolean Logic Based Devices</h1>
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  <h2 class="title2">What is a logic gate?</h2>
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<p class="texte">A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function. In other terms it performs a logical operation on one or more logical inputs and produces a single logical output <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate" target="_blank">(From Wikipedia)</a>. Simply said: logic gates are the devices that perform the boolean logic operations.</p>
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  <p class="texteleft"><span class="spantitle">AND Gate</span></br>
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<br>For an AND gate, if the two inputs are equal to 1, the result equals 1.<p>
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/2a/AND_Gate_-_30%2C5%25.png" class="imgcontentleft" />
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  <img style="width:700px; float:left;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/60/E.caclulusdesign.GeneralIdea.png" class="imgcontent" />
 
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    We also imagined that the <i>E. calculus</i> strain should have two different states, one for living happy state, feeding on the agar plate and dividing, not bothering about blue or red lights and a second state, dedicated to calculation. We therefore implemented a general inducer based on TetR repression and activation that would switch the bacteria to the "calculation ready" state. TetR, constitutively expressed would repress the transcription of the thr-ee receptors (blue light, red light and AHL receptors). In the presence of aTc (anhydrotetracycline) tetR would not repress anymore the promoter controlling the receptors genes. Upon illumination or when AHL is bound, each receptor will activate the transcription of the different recombinases, PhiC31 for the carry, Bxb1 for the blue light and Tp901.1 for the red light. When the recombinases are produced, they will switch their specific gates. Depending on the switch performed, the output will (or will not!) be produced.
 
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  <img style="width:700px; float:left;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/0/06/Ecalculus_design.png" class="imgcontent" />
 
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  <p class="texteleft"><span class="spantitle">OR Gate</span></br>
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<br>For an OR gate, if one or the other (or both) of the inputs are equal to 1, the result equals 1.<p>
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/2e/OR_Gate_-_30%2C5%25.png" class="imgcontentleft" />
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  <h2 class="title2">Implementing the whole calculator in one strain </h2>
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/8/8d/OR_Truthtable_-_30%2C5%25.png" class="imgcontentright" />
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  <p class="texte">The full DNA construct, general inducer, input system, logic gates, output and carry was clearly too large to fit on a single plasmid (22 kb). Furthermore, we also imagined that switching DNA elements on a multicopy plasmid may not be completely wise, especially when our riboregulators were supposed to exert a strong control over the recombinases expression (i.e. maintaining a very low level of recombinases). Integration of some modules in the <i>E. calculus</i> genome was clearly the solution. We imagined that two different integration sites, one bearing AND1 and AND2, the second bearing XOR1 and XOR2 would be ideal. With this design, recombination events between XOR1 and AND1 or XOR2 and AND2 would lead to chromosomal DNA defects and cell death. The system would then be forced to recombine only the two sites belonging to the same gate.
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  The general inducer, input and output system as well as the carry can then be assembled on a single plasmid. The general strain would then carry the logic gates and would be stable (no recombinases produced). Upon transformation with the plasmid containing the general inducer, input, output and carry modules, the <i>E. calculus</i> strain would be generated, but still not able to switch before the general inducer put in the medium.
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For the final design, a great help was provided by François Cornet and Caroline Schiavon from the <a href="https://www-lmgm.biotoul.fr/">LMGM laboratory</a>. They gave us the MG1655 strain that contain special integration sites with two plasmids that would allow these specific integrations.
 
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  <p class="texteleft"><span class="spantitle">XOR Gate</span></br>
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<br>For a XOR gate, if one or the other (but not both of them) of the inputs are equal to 1, the result equals 1.<p>
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/7/77/XOR_Gate_-_30%2C5%25.png" class="imgcontentleft" />
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/7/71/XOR_Truthtable_-_30%2C5%25.png" class="imgcontentright" />
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  <p class="texte"><span class="spantitle">Electronic Full Adder</span></p>
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/9/9b/400px-Full_Adder.png" class="imgcontent" />
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  <p class="texteright450">This is the truth table of a full adder.<p>
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/5/52/Table_vérité_addition_-_200px.png" class="imgcontentleft" />
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  <h2 class="title2">How to count with binary numbers?</h2>
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  <p class="texte">For those who don’t remember your binary counting courses (or for those who don’t have any idea about binary counting), we provide a little reminder!</p>
    
    
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c4/Binary_decimal_2.png" class="imgcontent" />
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<td style="border-bottom:4px solid #e5e6e6; border-top-left-radius:9px;"> </td>
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<td style="border-bottom:4px solid #e5e6e6; " colspan = "2">Operation</td>
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<td style="border-bottom:4px solid #e5e6e6; border-top-right-radius:9px;">Result</td>
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<td style="border-right:1px solid #e5e6e6;">Decimal</td>
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<td style="border-right:1px solid #e5e6e6;">5</td>
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<td style="border-right:1px solid #e5e6e6;">2</td>
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<td>7</td>
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<td style="border-right:1px solid #e5e6e6; border-top:1px solid #e5e6e6;">Binary</td>
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<td style="border-right:1px solid #e5e6e6; border-top:1px solid #e5e6e6;">1 (1*2^2)<br>0 (0*2^1)<br>1 (1*2^0)</td>
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<td style="border-right:1px solid #e5e6e6; border-top:1px solid #e5e6e6;">0 (0*2^2)<br>1 (1*2^1)<br>0 (0*2^0)</td>
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<td style="border-top:1px solid #e5e6e6;">1 (1*2^2)<br>1 (1*2^1)<br>1 (1*2^0)</td>
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</tr>
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</table>

Latest revision as of 21:37, 3 October 2013

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Boolean Logic Based Devices

What is a logic gate?


A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function. In other terms it performs a logical operation on one or more logical inputs and produces a single logical output (From Wikipedia). Simply said: logic gates are the devices that perform the boolean logic operations.

AND Gate

For an AND gate, if the two inputs are equal to 1, the result equals 1.


OR Gate

For an OR gate, if one or the other (or both) of the inputs are equal to 1, the result equals 1.


XOR Gate

For a XOR gate, if one or the other (but not both of them) of the inputs are equal to 1, the result equals 1.


Electronic Full Adder

This is the truth table of a full adder.

How to count with binary numbers?

For those who don’t remember your binary counting courses (or for those who don’t have any idea about binary counting), we provide a little reminder!

Operation Result
Decimal 5 2 7
Binary 1 (1*2^2)
0 (0*2^1)
1 (1*2^0)		 0 (0*2^2)
1 (1*2^1)
0 (0*2^0)		 1 (1*2^2)
1 (1*2^1)
1 (1*2^0)

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