Team:TU-Delft/Sensing

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Sensing Device

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the sensing part

In bacteria quorum sensing is an important mechanism for monitoring the state of the population. S. aureus uses its quorum sensing system to regulate a large part of its virulence genes, as having a large population is beneficial for S. aureus during infection. In this project we highjack the native S. aureus system and implement that in the antimicrobial peptide producing host E.coli.

We used the quorum sensing system of S. aureus in our peptidor in order to make sure the antimicrobial peptides will only be produced when S. aureus is present. This way there is less chance of other microbes becoming resistant against the peptides and therefore indirectly, through horizontal gene transfer, preventing S. aureus becoming resistant.

The system is composed out of the transmembrane receptor protein AgrC and the cytoplasmic protein AgrA. AgrA is phosphorylated by AgrC upon induction with auto-inducing peptide (AIP), after which it will act as a transcription factor positively acting on the promoter P2. AIP is made from the precursor peptide AgrD, which is circularized and secreted by AgrB (Figure 1).

AIP Sensing Protocol:

1. Grow the construct BBa_K1022100 (pBAD AIP Receiver GFP) overnight.
2. Make 1/50 dilutions of the overnight grown culture. Check for OD at 600nm till 0.1.
3. Then induce with 0.1% Arabinose. Keep aside samples with No Arabinose, No AIPs induction to use as control. BL21 cells and Const GFP are also used as negative and positive controls.
4. Track the OD till 0.5 and then induce with AIP 1 µM and 10 µM.
5. After 3 hours of incubation time, check for GFP signals on the FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting).

AIP Sensing Experiment:

The construct BBa_K1022100 (pBAD AIP Receiver GFP) is the test construct for the first module of the project in order to sense the auto-inducing peptides (AIPs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus.

Diagram of the Part

In this sensor test-construct AgrC and AgrA are expressed, after which AgrC can act as a receptor for AIP. After binding AIP, AgrC will phosphorylate AgrA which then starts acting as a postitive transcription factor for pP2 [1]. Therefore, upon induction by AIP, the construct will give a GFP signal. This is tested using the following experiment.

Experimental Set Up

Cells are induced with 0.1 % Arabinose (to induce pBAD) and AIP’s, and with only AIP. Induction with AIP is done at 1µM and 10 µM. 3 hours after induction fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is used to check for GFP signals. The controls are BL21(DE3) cells, uninduced plasmid containing BL21(DE3) and a constitutively expressed GFP construct containing strain. The AIP used to induce the cells was synthesized by Eurogentec.

The cells induced with arabinose all died, which could be seen by the fact the signal given by the FACS, this could be due the fact AgrA and/or AgrC are toxic in high concentrations. The fact E. coli is still able to detect AIPs without induction of the Agr genes is explainable due the fact pBAD is a bit leaky, making low transcription possible, apparently only a small amount of activated AgrA is required to give a measurable level of GFP.

Earlier work on the detection of AIPs by Gram-negatives has been done, but with unclear or non-convincing results [1,2]. Often the outer-membrane of E. coli was seen as an obstacle for the implementation of auto-inducing peptide sensing systems in Gram negatives. Although, after intensive literature research we found a molecule very similar to the AIP molecule used in these experiments, that is known to pass the outer membrane. The molecule bacitracin [4] has been shown to interfere with cell wall synthesis in Gram negative species, therefore being able to pass the outer membrane as cell wall synthesis occurs in the periplasm. Comparison of the molecular structures of bacitracin and AIP regarding size, molecular weight, polarity and charge gave us an indication AIP should be possible to pass through the outer membrane of E. coli (fig 1).

References

1. Philip Mdowell, Zina Affas, et al.,Structure, activity and evolution of the group I thiolactone peptide quorum-sensing system of Staphylococcus aureus, Molecular Microbiology, Volume 41, Issue 2, pages 503–512, Jul 2001.
2. https://2007.igem.org/wiki/index.php/Cambridge
3. https://2012.igem.org/Team:HIT-Harbin
4. T.J. Pollock, L. Thorne, Mechanism of bacitracin resistance in gram-negative bacteria that synthesize exopolysaccharides, J Bacteriol ; 176(20): 6229–6237, Oct 1994
5. http://www.cyflogic.com/
6. F.M. Dekker, C. Kraaikaamp et al., ‘A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics’, January 2005, Springer.