Team:TU-Delft/Zephyr

Zephyr: DIY low-cost fluorescence scanner

Zephyr is a low-cost Do It Yourself (DIY) machine which can scan petridishes and 96 well plates for expression of fluorescence at micrometer scale. The Typhoon is the commercial machine that does the same, only it is priced around 120.000 dollars. The main difference is the use of low-cost optics. This allows you to pick exactly which fluorescence you want to detect and not to pay for the ones you do not use. Furthermore, it does not have confocal optics, as this is not that often when scanning bacteria and protein gels. This DIY machine can be built by anyone with one or two days on their hands and the costs are around 1500 dollars.

The machine is built from a plastic frame, machined by laser-cutting. This is a widely available technique and can be done by many companies. The resulting parts can be assembled like a puzzle, clicking the parts together, making it accessible. The petridishes/gels/plates are moved on a 2D table under an optical tube resembling a fluorescent microscope. By taking images one after another and combining them with the supplied stitching software a high resolution image of the entire object is obtained.

Why? Reason d’être

Research is not cheap in general and synthetic biology is no exception. Much of the lab equipment has a price running of ten thousand dollars. For some teams this is no hurdle, their lab has all the equipment they possibly may need, while other teams may struggle with their characterization because of lack of needed equipment. This may be an explanation why in the iGEM competition certain regions/continents (e.g. Africa and Latin America) have few teams and little very little growth. [1][2] In our view, being able to participate in the iGEM competition should be accessible to everyone.

For most of the mentioned equipment, only the high tech versions are available, which make it so costly. However the simple versions of these machines would be enough in most cases. As an analog: there are only high tech Bentleys available and no Ford Fiestas, while these Fiestas would be enough for simple transportation.

Therefore we decided to build a low-cost Typhoon, which would be easy to make on your own. This machine is of course not as high-tech as the Typhoon, but it measures at the same scale and has roughly the same performance.

What? Working principle

How? The Zephyr DIY guide

How to make the Zephyr can be broken down in different modules: first the buying of materials and parts, then the making of several parts, assembling them, wiring the electronic circuit, programming the microprocessor, controlling the set-up from the pc and calibrating the image stitching to make a complete image. The explanation on this is for readability on this separate page.

Explanation of the design

• Use of laser cutting
• Clicking the parts together -> accessible, fun, enough stiffness
• Stepper motor -> accurate displacement, however high power use
• High power LED -> cheaper than laser
• Motivation size -> what can fit
• Use of filters next to the dichroic mirror -> high selectivity/sensitivity
• Use of 4 motors instead of 2 -> woggly movement
• Fitting of the axis -> imperfection of laser cutting

Results

To test the performance of the Zephyr, three experiments were performed. The first experiment is to test the selectivity: how is an E.coli colony with constitutive GFP expression seen with respect to a colony without GFP and a colony with constitutive RFP expression?

The second experiment is to test the sensitivity: what levels of fluorescence can be detected. This is done with a nucleic acid stain at different concentrations. Finally, a part of a plate with E.coli colonies with constitutive GFP expression is imaged to test the scanning capabilities of the Zephyr.

Selectivity

How selective is the imaging, do you see much background at objects other than GFP? To test this we made a plate as in Figure 12, which is divided into three partitions: one with E.coli with constitutive GFP expression, one plain BL21 (no GFP expression) and one with E.coli constitutive RFP expression. The resulting images are also shown in Figure 4 (the black boxes). The GFP picture was unfortunately somewhat out of focus, but the bright shot is the GFP being detected. The two dark pictures have no detection at all.

Figure 4: Image of three partitions: E.coli with constitutive GFP expression, E.coli with constitutive no GFP expression, E.coli with constitutive RFP expression and there the images taken by the Zephyr in the black boxes.

Sensitivity

To test the sensitivity of the Zephyr, the YOYO1 dye is used. This is a nucleic acid stain that shows fluorescence in the presence of DNA. [3] This stain shows fluorescence at 510nm, very similar to GFP. This way we use different concentrations of this stain to characterize the sensitivity of the Zephyr to detect fluorescence. The dye is recommended to use at 100 nM, which is a dilution of 10,000x from the stock at 1mM. Thus a range of dilutions of this stock is made from 500x (2µM) to 100,000x (10nM) in water. To all these solutions 500ng of DNA was added. As a control, the 500ng of DNA diluted in water is used.

All these solutions were then scanned by the Zephyr, leading to the results of Figure 5. In these bright spots are the fluorescence being detected.

Figure 5: Image of different concentrations of YOYO1 dye, the one on the left being most concentrated. The ‘DNA’ is the control without fluorescent dye.

Petridish reading

As explained in the ‘How?’ section, for petridish reading first a calibration must be done. This is done using the calibration text of Figure 6. Using this text (and without the assembly A present), 25 rows of 25 images are scanned. The calibration software finds the displacements between them and first stitches the individual rows together as in Figure 7. Pasting all the individual rows together is done in Figure 8.
Now that the pattern of the displacements is found through this text calibration a part of a plate containing E.coli colonies with constitutive GFP expression, Figure 9, is scanned. The resulting image of this scanning is in Figure 10.

Figure 6: Example of calibration text on the 2D table of the Zephyr, with a 5 eurocent coin as reference. Figure 7: Row of calibration text stitched together (25 individual pictures)
Figure 8: Rows of calibration text stitched together (25 rows of 25 pictures: 625 pictures)
Figure 9: The part of the plate with E.coli colonies with constitutive GFP expression which is scanned
Figure 10: The resulting image of the scanning of Figure 16.
Video 1: Impression of the Zephyr scanning the calibration text.

Discussion

The selectivity of the Zephyr is good, you only see the expression of GFP, and other fluorescent proteins like RFP do not seem to influence the retrieved image. This is to be expected, since the chosen filters and dichroic mirror are of high quality and are also used in fluorescent microscopy.
The sensitivity of the system is relatively good, it was able to see the difference between the control and the 100,000x diluted YOYO-1 dye. This dilution is 10 times less than the recommended protocol. However, from these images it is clear that making a quantitative distinction between the dilutions in this range based on the images won’t be possible. The difference between 10,000x dilution and 100,000x dilution is very slim. For the range from 1000x to 10,000x the difference is clearly observed.
The petridish reading is a difficult task and this becomes clear from the pictures. The text pasted together from 625 individual images

Conclusions

• Selectivity:
• Sensitivity:
• Petridish reading:
• Overall:

Future aspirations

• Better Sensor -> higher accuracy.
• Faster reading -> flashing.
• Faster image stitching -> C.

References

1. iGEM.org “Teams Registered for iGEM 2012”,[Online]. Available From: https://igem.org/Team_List?year=2012 viewed on 1 Oct. 2013.
2. iGEM.org “Teams Registered for iGEM 2013”,[Online]. Available From: https://igem.org/Team_List?year=2013 viewed on 1 Oct. 2013.
3. Molecular Probes “Dimeric Cyanine Nucleic Acid Stains” at Life Technologies Manuals, Jan-2000