Biosafety System TetOR alive

Overview

Figure 1: Biosafety-System TetOR alive.

The tetracycline repressor (TetR)/ operator (TetO) originally is used by E. coli to work against the antibiotic tetracycline but in many cases it is used for regulated expression for industrial processes. When there is no tetracycline available the TetR binds the tetracycline operator with high affinity. When tetracycline is available the TetR switches his conformation and so it comes to a dissolution of the TetR and the TetO. Because of this the polymerase isn’t enhanced anymore and is able to express the genes which lies behind the TetO. In our system the TetR is under the control of a rhamnose promoter (rha-promoter) which only works in the presence of rhamnose. When the bacteria would break out of the MFC there wouldn’t be enough rhamnose in the environment to activate the promoter, in a way that enough TetR would be produced to block the polymerase, by binding at the TetO. Therefore the polymerase binds to the promoter of TetO and it comes to the expression of RNase Ba and the degradation of the RNA ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1521-3757%2820000616%29112:12%3C2122::AID-ANGE2122%3E3.0.CO;2-8/abstract Saenger W. et al., 2000], [http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~b871641/tetrepressor.pdf Orth P. et al., 2000])

Genetic Approach

Rhamnose promoter P_Rha

The promoter P_Rha (<bbpart>BBa_K914003</bbpart>) naturally regulates the catabolism of the hexose L-rhamnose. The advantage of the operon for further usage is its solely positive regulation. The regulon consists of the promoter P_RhaT, which regulates the expression of the protein RhaT for the uptake of L-rhamnose and the two operons rhaSR and rhaBAD.
The operon rhaSR regulates the genes rhaS and rhaR, whose translated proteins are responsible for the positive activation of the L-rhamnose catabolism, while the operon rhaBAD regulates the genes for the direct catabolism of L-rhamnose.
When L-rhamnose is present, it acts as an inducer by binding to the regulatory protein RhaR. RhaR regulates his own expression and the expression of the regulatory gene rhaS by inhibiting or, in the presence of L-rhamnose, activating the operon RhaSR. Normally the expression level is modest, but it can be enhanced by a higher level of intracellular cAMP, which increases in the absence of glucose. So, in the presence of L-rhamnose and a high concentration of intracellular cAMP, the activator protein RhaR is expressed on higher level, resulting in an activation of the promoter P_RhaT for an efficient L-rhamnose uptake and an activation of the operon rhaBAD. The L-rhamnose is than broken down into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and lactate aldehyde by the enzymes of the operon rhaBAD (Wickstrum et al., 2005).
A brief schematic summary of the regulation is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: The catabolism of L-rhamnose in E. coli is turned off in general but inducible by L-rhamnose. The induction activates the transcription of the genes rhaS and rhaR, who regulate the L-ramnose catablosim by positive activation of the rhmanose uptake (rhaT) and metabolization (rhaBAD).

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be metabolized in the glycolysis pathway, while lactate aldehyde is oxidated to lactate under aerobic conditions and reduced to L-1,2,-propandiol under anaerobic conditions.
This degradation of L-rhamnose can be separated in three steps. In the first step the L-rhamnose is turned into L-rhamnulose by an isomerase (gene rhaA). The catabolism continues by the a kinase (gene rhaB), which phosphorylates the L-rhamnulose to L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate. This is finally hydrolyzed by Aldolase (gene rhaD) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and lactate aldehyde (Baldoma et al., 1988).
Four our Safety-System the rhamnose promoter P_Rha is used to control the expression of the repressor AraC and the essential alanine racemase, because this promoter has an even lower basal transcription then the arabinose promoter P_BAD. This is needed to tightly repress the expression of the alanine racemase (alr) and therefore take advantage of the double-kill switch. Although the rhamnose promoter P_Rha is characterized by a very low basal transcription it can not be used for the control of the toxic RNase Ba (Barnase), which ist needed for the alanine racemase (alr), the other part of the double-kill switch. In conclusion this promoter is the best choice for the first part of the Biosafety-System, as it is tightly repressed in the absence of L-Rhamnose, but activated in its presence.

Tetracyclin repressor/operator

The tetracycline repressor (TetR)/ operator (TetO) originally is used by E. coli to work against the antibiotic tetracycline but in many cases it is used for regulated expression for industrial processes. When there is no tetracycline available (continuous lines) the tetR gene is expressed and TetR binds as a dimer with high affinity the tetracycline operators, tetO1 and tetO2. When tetracycline diffuse through the cell membrane into E. coli (dotted lines) it aggregates with Mg2+ to a chelate complex (red triangle). The complex binds to TetR which switches its conformation and so it comes to a dissolution of the TetR and the TetO. Because of this the polymerase isn’t enhanced anymore and is able to express the tetA gene which is assembled into the cytoplasmic membrane where it works as an antiporter. It transports the complex out of the cell which makes the cell resistant against tetracycline (Saenger W. et al. ,2000).

Figure 3: Principle of TetR and TetO system in tetracycline resistent cells.

In our system we use tetR (<bbpart>BBa_C0040</bbpart>) and tetO (<bbpart>BBa_R0040</bbpart>) but we don’t work with tetracycline so we haven’t got the conformation switch of TetR. Because of the fact that the promoter is induced in our microbial fuel cell (MFC) TetR is expressed and blocks TetO. If E. coli get out of the MFC the inducer isn’t available and tetR isn’t expressed any more. From now on the gene behind the operators is expressed which stands for a RNase, so E. coli dies (Saenger W. et al. ,2000).

Alanine racemase Alr

The alanine racemase Alr (EC 5.1.1.1) from the gram-negative enteric bacteria Escherichia coli is a racemase, which catalyses the reversible conversion of L-alanine into the enantiomer D-alanine. For this reaction the cofactor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) is typically needed. The constitutive expressed alanine racemase (alr) is naturally responsible for the accumulation of D-alanine, which is an essential component of the bacterial cell wall, because it is used for the crosslinkage of peptidoglykan (Walsh, 1989).
The usage of D-alanine instead of a typically L-amino acids prevents cleavage by peptidases. However a lack of D-alanine causes to a bacteriolytic characteristics. In the absence of D‑alanine dividing cells will lyse rapidly. This perception is used for our Biosafety-Strain, a D-alanine auxotrophic mutant (K-12 ∆alr ∆dadX). The Biosafety-Strain grows only with a plasmid containing the alanine racemase (<bbpart>BBa_K1172901</bbpart>) with a complementation of the D-alanine auxotrophy. Consequently the alanine racemase is essential for bacterial cell division. This approach guarantees a high plasmid stability, which is extremely important when the plasmid contains a toxic gene like the Barnase. In addition this construction provides the possibility for the implementation of a double kill-switch system. Because if the expression of the alanine racemase is repressed and there is no D-alanine-Supplementation in the media, cells will not grow.

Figure 4: The alanine racemase (<bbpart>BBa_K1172901</bbpart>) from E. coli catalyses the reversible reaction from L-alanine to D-alanine. For this isomerisation the cofactor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is necessary.

Terminator

Terminator are essential for the end of an operon. In prokaryotes exist rho depending and independing terminators. Rho independing terminators are characterized by an stem loop, which is caused by special sequence. In general the terminator region can be divided into four regions. Starting with a GC rich region, which performs the stem and followed by the loop region. The third region is made up from the opposite part of the stem, so that this region concerns also GC rich portion. After that the terminator ends by an poly uracil region, which destabilizes the binding of the RNA polymerase. The stem loop of the terminator causes a distinction of the DNA and the translated RNA, so that the binding of the RNA-polymerase is canceled and the transcription ends after the stem loop (Carafa et al., 1990).
For our safety system the terminator is necessary to avoid that the expression of the genes under the control of the Rhamnose promoter pRHA, like the Repressor araC and the alanine racemase (alr), are transcripted but not the genes of the arabinose promoter pBAD, which contains the toxic Barnase and would lead to cell death. We used the Biobrick <bbpart>BBa_B0015</bbpart>.

Figure 5: Stem loop structure of the terminator <bbpart>BBa_B0015</bbpart>, which is used for the biosafety system. The terminator is used to make sure that only the repressor and the alanine racemase is transcripted and avoids a transcription of the toxic Barnase.

RNase Ba (Barnase)

The Barnase (EC 3.1.27) is a 12 kDa extracellular microbial ribonuclease, which is naturally found in the gram positive soil bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and consist a single chain of 110 amino acids. The Barnase (RNase Ba) catalysis the cleavage of single stranded RNA, where the hydrolysis of the dinucleotides has the highest affinity to the structure GpN. In the first step of the RNA-degradation a cyclic intermediate is formed by transesterification and afterwards this intermediate is hydrolysed yielding in a 3'-nucleotide (Mossakowska et al., 1989).

Figure 6: Chemical reaction of the RNA-cleavage by the RNase Ba. First the transesterifiaction by the Glu-73 residue is performed and then this cyclic intermediat is hydrolized by the His-102 of the Barnase.

In Bacillus amyloliquefaciens the activity of Barnase (RNase Ba) is inhibited intracellular by the Inhibitor called barstar. Barstar consists only about 89 amino acids and binds with a high affinity to the toxic Barnase. This prevents the cleavage of the intracellular RNA in the host organism (Paddon et al., 1989). Therefore the Barnase acts naturally only outside the cell and is translocated under natural conditions. For the biosafety system we tried to modify this aspect by cloning only the sequence responsible for the cleavage of the RNA, but not the part of the native Barnase, which is essential for the extracellular transport.
As shown in the graphic below, the transcription of the DNA, which encodes the Barnase produces a 474 nt RNA. The translation of the RNA of this ribonuclease starts about 25 nucleotides downstream from the transcription start and can be divided into two parts. The first part (colored in orange) is translated into a signal peptide at the N-Terminus of the Barnase. This part is responsible for the extracellular translocation of the RNase Ba, while the peptide sequence for the active Barnase starts 142 nucleotides downstream from the transcription start (colored in red).
For the biosafety system we used only the coding sequence (<bbpart>BBa_K1172904</bbpart>) of the Barnase itself to prevent the extracellular translocation of the toxic gene product. This leads to a rapid cell death if the expression of the Barnase isn't repressed by the repressor of the biosafety system.

Figure 7: Sequence of the signal peptide in front of the RNase Ba (Barnase). The biobrick <bbpart>BBa_K1172904</bbpart> does not consist the signal sequence for the extracellular translocation, but only the coding sequence for the mature enzyme.

Biosafety system TetOR alive

Together with the Biosafety-Strain K-12 ∆alr ∆dadX the Biosafety-System TetOR alive takes advantage of this genes by combine them to a powerful device, which allows to control the bacterial cell division. The control of the bacterial growth is thereby active and passive possible. Active by conformation change of the tetracycline operator by adding tetracycline and passive by the induction of L-rhamnose. The passive control makes it possible to control the bacterial cell division in an defined environment, like the MFC by adding continously L-Rhamnose to the media. As shown in the figure below, this leads to an expression of the essential Alanine-Racemase (alr) and the tetracycline repressor, so that the expression of the RNase Ba is repressed.

Figure 8:System TetOR alive in the MFC: In this case the mikroorganism is in the MFC with sufficient L-rhamnose. It comes to an expression of TetR which blocks TetO by binding and alr which switches L-alanine to D-alanine. Because of the fact that TetR blocks TetO the RNase Ba can't expressed.

When the bacteria exit the defined environment of the MFC or L-rhamnose is not added any more to the media, the expression of the alanine racemase (alr) and the tetracycline repressor decreases, so that the expression of the toxic RNase Ba (Barnase) is not inhibted so strong any more. The cleavage of the intracellular RNA by the Barnase and ideally also the lack of synthesized D-alanine, caused by the repressed alanine racemase inhibits the cell division and makes sure that the bacteria can only grow in the defined area.

Figure 9:System TetOR alive outside of the MFC: In this case the microorganism could get out of the MFC by damage or incorrect handling. Outside of the MFC there isn't enough L-rhamnose. So TetR doesn't block TetO anymore so the degradation process is induced by activating the TetO and the ensuing expression of RNase Ba. E.coli dies.

Results

Characterization of the tetracycline operator TetO

First of all the bacterial growth under the pressure of the unrepressed tetracycline operator TetO was investigated on different carbon source. Therefore the cultivation on M9 minimal media with glycerin or glucose was characterized. To identify the transcription rate of the unexpressed tetracycline operator TetO the expression of the green fluorescence protein GFP BBa_E0040 behind the tetracycline operator TetO was used.
As shown in figure 10 below, the bacteria adapted better on glucose then on glycerol. As glucose is the more powerful energy source, because it posses more carbon atoms than glycerol these result was expected before. So more interesting are the fluorescence measurement shown in the figure 11. As it can be seen also the fluorescence depends on the carbon source, but not as strong as it can be seen by the arabinose promoter pBAD.

Figure 10: Characterization of the bacterial growth of the TetO operator with GFP (<bbpart>BBa_E0040</bbpart>) in the Biosafety-Strain K-12 ∆alr ∆dadX. The M9 media was supplemented with 5 mM D-alanine. It can be seen, that the bacteria grow faster on M9 minimal media glucose than on M9 minimal media glycerol.

Figure 11: Characterization of the fluorescence of TetO promoter with GFP (<bbpart>BBa_E0040</bbpart>) in the Biosafety-Strain K-12 ∆alr ∆dadX. The bacteria were cultivated on M9 minimal media with 5 mM D-alanine supplemented..

Figure 12: Specific growth rate of GFP behind the TetO promoter by the use of different carbon sources.

Characterization of the Biosafety-System TetOR alive

Figure 13: Characterization of the bacterial growth of the Biosafety-System on M9 minimal media glycerol. The figure compares the wild tpye K-12 and the Biosafety-Strain K-12 ∆alr ∆dadX and the induction by L-Rhamnose to pure glycerol.

Figure 14: Characterization of the fluorescence of the Biosafety-System TetOR alive. The figure compares the wild type k-12 and the Biosafety-Strain K-12 ∆alr ∆dadX and the induction by L-Rhamnose to pure glycerol.

Figure 15: Specific production rate, calculated by equation (1).

Conclusion of the Results

Figure 16: Comparision of the specific production rate of GFP in the with L-Rhamnose induced Biosafety-System TetOR alive, the uninduced Biosafety-System TetOR alive and the second part of the Biosafety-System (TetO-GFP only).

References

• Saenger W. et al. (2000):Der Tetracyclin-Repressor – das Musterbeispiel für einen biologischen Schalter, In:[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1521-3757%2820000616%29112:12%3C2122::AID-ANGE2122%3E3.0.CO;2-8/abstract Angewandte Chemie Volume 112, Issue 12, pages 2122–2133]

• Mossakowska, Danuta E. et al. (1989): Kinetic Characterization of the Recombinant Ribonuclease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Barnase) and Investigation of Key Residues in Catalysis by Site-Directed Mutagenesis [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bi00435a033 Biochemistry 28: 3843 - 3850].

• Paddon, C. J. Vasantha, N. and Hartley, R. W. (1989): Translation and Processing of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Extracellular Rnase [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC209718/pdf/jbacter00168-0575.pdf|Journal of Bacteriology 171: 1185 - 1187].

• Voss, Carsten Lindau, Dennis and Flaschel, Erwin (2006): Production of Recombinant RNase Ba and Its Application in Downstream Processing of Plasmid DNA for Pharmaceutical Use [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1021/bp050417e/pdf|Biotechnology Progress 22: 737 - 744].

• Orth P. et al. (2000): Structual basis of gene regulation by the tetracycline inducible Tet repressor-operator system. In: [http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~b871641/tetrepressor.pdf nature structural biology, volume 7 number 3].