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Team:Calgary/Project/PostRegionals
From 2013.igem.org
Final System
Final System
Our Sensor
The goal of our project is to design a biosensor to rapidly identify cattle known as super shedders. We are building a DNA-based biosensor, as it is more reliable and cheaper than a protein-based sensor; antibodies are expensive and the proteins that they target can get degraded during the sample preparation, whereas DNA is much more stable. A DNA-based sensor also enabled us to target a broader range of harmful E.coli. The design of our system was influenced by our conversations with industry stakeholders . Their feedback revealed three design considerations which we would have to incorporate into our prototype. First, it would have to be cheap so that it could be scaled-up to entire feedlots. Second, it would have to be easy to use by non-laboratory employees in feedlots. And third, it would have to provide a definitive measure of E.coli shedding levels within an hour to be used during routine check-up procedures. Our solution is the
Figure 1. Our system is composed of both an immobile detector element on the strip that will capture our target DNA and a mobile Ferri-TALE element that will report the presence of our target DNA. The Ferri-TALE is linked by the E/K coiled coils
Can we detect DNA with specificity?
We ordered 60mer FAM-labeled [A] (target sequence for TALEA) and FAM-labeled [B] (target sequence for TALEB) oligos and hybridized them with their reverse complement oligo to make double stranded pieces of DNA containing the target sequence of our TALEs. Using these target sequences and following the TALE Nitrocellulose Functionality Assay, we showed that TALEs bind their target sequence. We incubated Ferritin fused to an E coil to TALE fused to a K coil to make the ferriTALE complex. The complex was then blotted on strips of nitrocellulose paper. The strips were then blocked with milk and soaked in the appropriate DNA solution. Finally, the strips were washed and imaged. We showed that not only TALEs bind DNA (figure 24 and 25), they are also specific for their own target site (Figure 26).
Figure 24. (A) Dot blot of ferriTALE A exposed to FAM labeled DNA containing the A target sequence (protocol). 1.5 µg of TALEA+K coil and 1 µg of ferritin with E coil were incubated for 1 hour to make the ferriTALE complex and the complex was blotted on a strip. The blots were then exposed to 1.66 mM FAM-labeled [A] (TALEA target site) for 1 to 90 minutes as indicated on the strips. "x" is a ferriTALE that was exposed to FAM labeled DNA prior to being blotted onto the nitrocellulose. The kinetics from the densitometry is shown in section B of the figure. The Kd from this plot was determined to be 293nM Figure 25. (A) Dot blot of ferriTALE B exposed to FAM labeled DNA containing the B target sequence (protocol). 1 µg of ferritin fused to E coil was incubated with 2 µg of TALEB fused to k coil for 1hour to make the FerriTALEB complex. Subsequently the complex was blotted on the nitrocellulose strip. The blots were then exposed to 1.66 mM FAM labeled DNA for 1 to 90 minutes as indicated on the strips. The controls are to the right, with "ftn" being ferritin only, "np" being no protein, and "D-" being no DNA exposure. The kinetics from the densitometry is shown in section B of the figure. The Kd from this plot was determined to be 66nM. Figure 26. (A) A Dot blot of TALEA on nitrocellulose paper (protocol). A6 is TALEA soaked in 1.66mM FAM-labeled [B]. A7 is TALEA soaked in 1.66mM FAM-labeled [A]. A2 is TALEA soaked in 1mM FAM-labeled [B]. A3 is TALEA soaked in 1mM FAM-labeled [A]. On the A- strip no protein was blotted and it was soaked in 1.66mM [A]. All strips were soaked in DNA solution for 90 minutes. (B) 1uL of the DNA solutions used for soaking were blotted on nitrocellulose and a picture was taken instantly, to indicate that both [A] and [B] fluoresce to the same extent.
Can our coils bind?
After putting in gratuitous effort to build parts containing these coils and successfully purifying these proteins we wanted to determine if the E and K coils interacted with each other. In order to characterize coil-coil interaction we performed an immunoprecipitation (IP) assay. We built a GFP with an E-coil ( BBa_K1189014) and we also built TALE-B with a K-coil (BBa_K1189030). To characterize the binding of the coils we pulled down with either an immunoglobulin G antibody (IgG) that serves as a negative control or with GFP antibody. The idea behind this experiment is to pull down the E coil which is fused to GFP with a GFP antibody and then probe with a anti-his antibody which recognizes the his tag on the TALE fused to the K coil. Upon interaction between the E and K coils we will see an output at approximately 86 kDa when probed with a His-antibody as seen in Figure 7. Our test groups included the coils by themselves and both the E and K coils put together in solution. As seen in Figure 7 a band appears only when we pull E and K coil with a GFP and probe with an anti-his antibody indicating the presence of both GFP and TALE in the elution solution indicating that the coils interact with each other.
How does the use of Coils versus Direct Fusions of TALEs Affect our Prussian Blue reporter?
After successfully confirming that we could convert our own ferritin proteins that were produced from the parts we constructed (BBa_K1189018,
Figure 19. Samples of our parts that were converted to Prussian Blue ferritin were mole balanced in order to ensure that the same number of effective ferritin cores are present in every sample. Additionally the ferritin-coil fusion was incubated with the TALE-coil fusion part in order to allow their binding for a separate trial. Negative controls include unconverted recombinant ferritin, bovine serum albumin and a substrate only control. Samples were incubated with a TMB substrate solution for 10 minutes at a pH of 5.6. Absorbance readings were taken at the 10 minute time-point at a wavelength of 650 nm. An ANOVA (analysis of variance) was performed upon the values to determine that there was statistical difference in the data gathered (based off of three replicates). A t-test was then performed which determined that the * columns are significantly different from the ** column (p=0.0012). Neither * column is significantly different from each other (p=0.67).
Our Final System: Putting it all together
Can we successfully capture our DNA with our detectors with specificity and report it?
In order to test whether we can capture target DNA with our detector TALES we wanted to
Figure 6: TALE capture assay was done with TALE B (
BBa_K1189001
)and TALE A B-lac fusion (
BBa_K1189031
) and DNA (
BBa_K1189006
)
with both target sequences. If capture is successful, the B-lac is present in the well giving a colour change from pink to yellow when subjected to benzylpenicillin substrate solution within 20 minutes. The only wells that change colour are the first four wells which contain TALE B, specific DNA, and TALE A β-lactamase fusion and our positive control wells which are the controls for our fusion TALE A β-lactamase protein and our positive recombinant β-lactamase. All our other controls including our test using a non-specific sequence of DNA remained pink . This preliminary characterization data demonstrates that the TALEs are able to bind to DNA with specificity. Additionally it also shows that our system of capturing DNA with two detector TALEs and then subsequent reporting of the DNA’s presence works.
This assay shows that we can capture our target DNA with two detector TALEs with specificity . Additionally, we can report whether that DNA has been captured and is present in the sample, which is a very important concept for our sensor system.
Full System Kinetic Model
With a preliminary understanding of how our system works we proceeded to quantitatively model our entire system. To do this we used the kinetic constants found in our experiments from the TALE and prussian blue ferritin characterization to build a deterministic model in Scilab. We modeled the binding of an immobilized TALE to target DNA in solution and then the subsequent binding of one of our ferriTALEs. We then used the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of our prussian blue ferritin to calculate how quickly it converts TMB into the coloured product that we can see.
When we assembled our reactions into differential equations we generated 6 equations to cover the change in our 6 variables over time. When this equation was run with the amount of DNA present in a super shedding cow the output chemical, X, changes over time as shown below.
Figure 6. Change in X, the output chemical of our prussian blue ferritin reaction, over time in a system with the amount of target DNA present in a super shedding cow. The red line indicates the concentration at which the reaction becomes visible to the naked eye.
The red line on the figure above shows when the reaction reaches 22.176 µM, which is the concentration at which a blue dot or line becomes visible. This value was calculated based on the kinetic parameters we determined in our characterization of prussian blue ferritin. This takes approximately 4.9 minutes, meaning that we will be able to see a visible response from a super shedding cow in less than 5 minutes!
Further Characterization of our parts
We tested β-lactamase using benzylpenicillin as a substrate in combination with bromothymol blue as a pH indicator. From this assay we could see that β-lactamase could be used as a reporter enzyme producing a visible colour change (Figure 9,10).
Figure 11.Change in pH catalyzed by TALE A linked to β-lactamase (BBa_K1189031) using benzylpenicillin. Bromothymol blue was used to keep track of this colour change. Absorbance readings were taken at 616 nm every 30 seconds. Different amounts of TALE A linked to β-lactamase (BBa_K1189031) were tested. Commercial β-lactamase was used as a positive control. Negative controls included were bovine serum albumin, β-lactamase without the substrate and the substrate by itself.
Figure 12.Change in pH catalyzed by TALE A linked to β-lactamase (BBa_K1189031) using benzylpenicillin. Bromothymol blue was used to keep track of this colour change. Absorbance readings were taken at 616 nm every 30 seconds. Different amounts of TALE A linked to β-lactamase (BBa_K1189031) were tested. Commercial β-lactamase was used as a positive control. Negative controls included were bovine serum albumin, β-lactamase without the substrate and the substrate by itself.
Conclusion
We have been able to show our final system capable of capturing DNA with an immobilized TALE, exposing a second TALE with a reporter molecule, and detection of that reporter molecule. In our project we have utilized modelling at every step of the way to inform the course of our experiments, as well as to feed our data back into our models to generate better predictions, utilizing the full design cycle for our system. Through our characterization of parts from previous teams and the ones we have submitted ourselves we have created a collection of well documented parts that can be easily used and modified by any future team. Finally, we are bringing our system into the final prototype stages through our work with nitrocellulose, such that our work can move beyond the proof of principle stages and make an impact in the world to reduce the risk of EHEC harming people in the future.
