Circuit containing hydrolases

A six-species model was implemented to simulate the behaviour of our multicellular sender–receiver system. The model consist of one partial differential equation for AHL and 5 ordinary differential equations with Hill functions that captured the activation of protein synthesis as a function of the concentration of the signalling molecule.

Video: GusA expression levels over 24 hours, concentration in mol/m³. Distance between colonies: 1.5 cm.

For the agar plate and mine cells modules, we use the system of equations and parameters set of the previous simulation.

Mine Cells

Two proteins are produced by mine cells: (i) LuxI and (ii) NagZ. NagZ is the hydrolase responsible to reveal the mine identity, this gene is constitutively expressed and the protein is linearly degraded. The system of differential equations for the states involved in the sender module were given before (view), with exception of NagZ:

\begin{align} \frac{d[NagZ]}{dt} = \alpha_{NagZ} - d_{NagZ} \cdot [NagZ]\\ \end{align}

Agar Plate

The equation for AHL in agar plate was given before (view).

Receiver Cells

Receivers are engineered to respond differently to two AHL concentration levels. Basically, cells should be capable of produce a visible response and in a reasonable amount of time, because the player will need to discriminate between the presence of 0, 1 or 2 adjacent mines. To achieve this goal, we incorporate two enzymatic reporters acting as high-pass filters (GusA and AES). The expression of these enzymes is under the control of P_Lux promoters with different sensitivities, the wild type and a promoter mutant (G1 mutant); The affinity constants for the promoters were obtained from our experimental data. However, the affinity was determined with respect to AHL, thus we omit the complex formation and model production of the enzymes as function of AHL concentration. The assumption is not unrealistic because LuxR was constitutively produced and linearly degraded, which leads to a constant concentration. An additional important feature of these enzymes is that they can catalyze the hydrolysis of various chromogenic compounds to give rise to a relatively quick coloured response.

The intracellular species of interest in the receiver cells module include: LuxR, AHL and the hydrolases (GusA and AES).

\begin{align} \frac{d[LuxR]}{dt}=\alpha_{[LuxR]} - d_{LuxR} [LuxR] \\ \end{align} \begin{align} \frac{d[AHL]}{dt}= C_{agar} \cdot D_{AHL} \nabla^{2} AHL - DF \cdot d_{AHL} \cdot [AHL] \\ \end{align} \begin{align} \frac{d[GusA]}{dt}=\alpha_{GusA} \cdot k_{leaky} \cdot [LuxR]+ \frac{\alpha_{GusA}\left(\frac{[AHL]}{K_{R_1}}\right)^{n_1}}{1+\left(\frac{[AHL]}{K_{R_1}}\right)^{n_1}} - d_{GusA}\cdot [GusA]\\ \end{align} \begin{align} \frac{d[AES]}{dt}=\alpha_{AES} \cdot k_{leaky} \cdot [LuxR] + \frac{\alpha_{AES}\left(\frac{[AHL]}{K_{R_2}}\right)^{n_2}}{1+\left(\frac{[AHL]}{K_{R_2}}\right)^{n_2}} - d_{AES}\cdot [AES]\\ \end{align}

In addition to new proteins incorporated to the circuit, it is important to emphasize that the grid was changed to a three neighbours setup.

Results

In figure 1 and 3 are shown the results regarding GusA expression levels. From the time course plot (Fig 1.), it can be pointed out that the activation of the gene is consistent with the AHL concentration that is predicted to reach a receiver colony. Additionally, one can say that the incubations of the plates should not be longer than 17 hours, otherwise receiver cells that are more that one cell away from a mine can start synthesizing the enzyme.

Figure 1: Averaged GusA concentration for a colony with 0, 1, 2 or 3 adjacent mines colonies, respectively. Distance between colonies: 1.5 cm.

Figure 2: Averaged AHL concentration sensed by a colony with 0, 1 or 2 adjacent mines colonies, respectively. The horizontal line indicates the activation coefficient by the dimer LuxR/AHL (K_R1). Distance between colonies: 1.5 cm.

Figure 3: GusA expression profile after 16 hours. Display: GusA concentration in mM. Distance between colonies: 1.5 cm.

Figure 4: 1D averaged AHL concentration gradient after 11 hours, radial direction

Regarding the expression of AES under the control of P_LuxR variant (Fig 4.), there is not activation before 15 hours only basal expression. Should be noted that the predicted concentration of enzyme is very low if it is compared to GusA.

Figure 4: AES expression profile after 11 (left) and 16 hours (right). Display: AES concentration in mM. Distance between colonies: 1.5 cm.

Circuit optimization

Protein destabilization

Now, we wanted to evaluate the destabilization of proteins, by reducing the half life of GusA and set it to 2 hours. In practice, this can be done introducing degradation tags. The idea is to compensate for the accumulation of GusA at receiver colonies surrounded by two mines, which starts earlier that AES.

Figure 5: Solid lines: Averaged GusA concentration over time for a colony with 0, 1, 2 or 3 adjacent mines colonies. Dotted: Averaged AES concentration over time for a colony with 0, 1, 2 or 3 adjacent mines colonies. Distance between colonies: 1.5 cm.

According to simulation results, game should be played after 12 to 13 hours of incubation of the plates.

Positive feedback loop: Lowering basal expression

As describe in the Data page, a main challenge of the circuit was to reduce the basal expression due to activation of the P_LuxR promoter by LuxR alone. To overcome this issue we introduce a double negative feedback in the receiver module. The system of differential equations for the states involved in the receiver module were given before (view), which holds with a modification in the equation for LuxR and introducing a new equation for LacI:

\begin{align} \frac{d[LuxR]}{dt} = \frac{\alpha_{LuxR}}{1+ \left(\frac{[LacI]}{\theta_{LacI}}\right)^2} - d_{LacI} \cdot [LacI]\\ \end{align}

\begin{align} \frac{d[LacI]}{dt} = \frac{\alpha_{LacI}}{1+ \frac{[R]}{\theta_{R}}} - d_{LacI} \cdot [LacI]\\ \end{align}

For practical purposes the circuit was tested with GFP as reporter.