Team:Heidelberg/HumanPractice/Survey

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                       <h1><span style="font-size:170%;color:#800000;">Survey.</span><span class="text-muted" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-size:100%"> What Society thinks of Synthetic Biology.</span></h1>
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                       <h1><span style="font-size:170%;color:#7137c8;">Survey.</span><span class="text-muted" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-size:100%"> What Society Thinks of Synthetic Biology.</span></h1>
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We have put great effort in communicating with various groups within society and to engage a broader cross section of society in our project, since synthetic biology and our iGEM project in particular has implications for every individual. We as researchers (-to-be) aim to improve lives by solving problems and are therefore working for society. Yet, we can only offer solutions, which have to be approved and applied by the public. Moreover, national and international legal frameworks limit every scientific action, which again, lie in the hand of the people. To promote the dialogue with society, we organized a talk evening addressing the question <b>"On the Way to a Synthetic Future?"</b> in cooperation with the <b><a href='https://bts-ev.de/'>Biotechnological Students Initiative e.V.</a></b>and the <b><a href='http://www.helmholtz.de/en/about_us/initiating_and_networking/assuring_excellence/synthetic_biology/'>Helmholtz-Initiative for Synthetitic Biology</a></b>. Moreover, we introduced synthetic biology and our project to interested students and families from local high schools and engaged in discussions with the <b><a href='http://www.gbs-rhein-neckar.de/'>Secular Humanists Rhein Neckar</a></b> and <b>Dorothea van Aaken</b>, pedagogue for environmental education and representative of the <b><a href='http://www.bund.net/ueber_uns/bund_in_english/'>BUND</a></b> for safety issues and ethical considerations. We further <b><a href='https://2013.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Ethics'>summarized our experiences and ethical considerations in an essay</a></b>.
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The public opinion has great impact on the future of any new technology. Although research might be able to offer solutions for many of the challanges our society is currently facing, they depend on the approval and goodwill of the public to realize their ideas. Moreover, national and international legal frameworks limit every scientific action, which again, lie in the hand of the people. Thus, communication with a broader cross section of society plays a key role for the success of any scientific project. According to the <a href='http://www.etymonline.com/'>Online Etymological Dictionary</a>, communication (from Latin <i>commūnicāre</i>, meaning "to share") is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. It is the meaningful exchange of information between two or more living creatures. To promote the dialogue with society, we organized a talk evening addressing the question <b><a href='https://2013.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/HumanPractice/BroadPublic'>"On the Way to a Synthetic Future?"</a></b> in cooperation with the <b><a href='https://bts-ev.de/'>Biotechnological Students Initiative e.V.</a></b>and the <b><a href='http://www.helmholtz.de/en/about_us/initiating_and_networking/assuring_excellence/synthetic_biology/'>Helmholtz-Initiative for Synthetitic Biology</a></b>, with more than 100 guests. Of course we were highly curious about our audience's opinion on synthetic biology and therefore asked our guests to give us feedback via a survey, in which 55 people took part. <b><a href='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/1/1d/Heidelberg_Survey.pdf'>You can access our data here.</a></b>
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<a class="fancybox fancyGraphical" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/0/09/Heidelberg_Survey_1.png" title="<b>Figure 1: General Structure of Analyzed Test Group.</b><br/> The analyzed test group shows a balanced gender distribution. The average test person is 23.7 years old, whereas women are slightly older than men (24.2 compared to 23.3 years) and correspondingly holds a high school degree. This is followed by people with secondary school certificates ('middle school') and bachelor degrees. Notably, a reason for our test group to have a relatively jung average age was that the talk evening during which this survey was made was held on the Heidelberg university campus." >
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                     <img style="width:100%; margin-top:25px; margin-bottom:10px; padding:1%; border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius: 5px;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/0/09/Heidelberg_Survey_1.png"></img>
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                   <figcaption style="width:100%; font-color:#800000; margin-bottom:25px "><b>Figure 1: General Structure of Analyzed Test Group.</b><br/>  
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                   <figcaption style="width:100%; font-color:#800000; margin-bottom:50px "><b>Figure 1: General Structure of Analyzed Test Group.</b><br/>  
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The analyzed test group shows a balanced gender distribution. The average test person is 23.7 years old, whereas women are slightly older than men (24.2 compared to 23.3 years) and correspondingly holds a high school degree. This is followed by secondary school certificate ("middle school") and the bachelor degree.
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The analyzed test group shows a balanced gender distribution. The average test person is 23.7 years old, whereas women are slightly older than men (24.2 compared to 23.3 years) and correspondingly holds a high school degree. This is followed by people with secondary school certificates ('middle school') and bachelor degrees. Notably, a reason for our test group to have a relatively jung average age was that the talk evening during which this survey was made was held on the Heidelberg university campus.
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Like most other scientists, we know about the<b> importance of a constant dialogue between science and society</b>. Differents ways of communication are used already, including newspaper articles or tv documentaries. At the same time, the public perception of research is mirrored in latest movies and literature. We think the best and most efficient way of communication is <b>direct communication</b> between experts and the general public. Unfortunately, events aming at this interaction like panel discussions and talks are most often boring or one-sided, since only one of the two partners is present. We ourselves have attended many of these meetings, where scientists lost themselves in discussions on what synthetic biology actually is and whether it is actually new. Moreover, many researchers are afraid to share their visions and the potentials they see in their field of reseach with the public. Maybe, because they want to avoid opposition or because they don't trust "ordinary citizens" to fully understand their science.
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According to our survey, our audience shows a nearly perfectly balanced gender distribution (51% feamle, 49% male). The average test person was 23.7 years old, whereas women were slightly older than men (24.2 years compared to 23.3 years old). Pleasingly, we were able to reach nearly all ages: The youngest participants were 14 years old, the oldest a 72 years old gentleman. As one would expect, the distribution of degrees corresponded well with the average ages. The majority of our guests held a high school degree (60.0%, of these are 48.5% males, 51.5% are female). This is followed by the bachelor degree (20%) and the secondary school certificate ("middle school", 9.1%). Only a minority held a master degree or a PhD (both 5.4%).
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Therefore, we chose a different approach: We established <b>close interactions to different groups of society, to philosophers and critics as well as to other researchers and experts right from the beginning of our project</b> and constantly involved them in discussions on our project and ethical considerations. Between the Jamborees in Lyon and Boston, we organized an <b>open talk evening</b> to bring all these great people and the public together to <b>share and discuss potentials of synthetic biology and its implications on our future</b> entitled <b><a href='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/d/df/Heidelberg_Auf_dem_Weg_in_die_synthetsische_Zukunft.png'>"On the way into a synthetic future?"</a></b>.
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By first established a common language and common basic knowledge on synthetic biology, we aimed to enable everyone in the audience to fully understand the science and the concept of synthetic biology.  Following our talk evening, the audience was asked to estimate their knowledge on synthetic biology. <b>91% of the test group could define the term with great (32.7%) or intermediate (58.2%) certainty.</b> Only 9% were more (5.4%) or very (3.6%) uncertain. These numbers mirror the great success of our talk evening on educating the public. Yet of course, the test group was not chosen randomly, but consisted of people who actively and intentionally attended a talk evening on the matter. Therefore, our data is most probably not representative and the high state of information also due to previous knowledge. According to the Eurobarometer 2010 presented by <b>Reinhard Heil from the <a href='http://www.itas.kit.edu/mitarbeiter_heil_reinhard.php'>Institute for Technology Assessment and System Analysis</a></b> at the <b><a href='http://www.kit.edu/english/index.php'>Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a></b> during the talk evening, only 18% of the european public have heard of synthetic biology. Of these, only a fraction could define the term.
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<a class="fancybox fancyGraphical" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/ca/Heidelberg_Survey_2.png" title="<b>Figure 2: Knowledge on Synthetic Biology.</b><br/>
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Following our talk evening addressing the question 'On the Way to a Synthetic Future?', the audience was asked to estimate their knowledge on synthetic biology. 91% of the test group could define the term with great (32.7%) or intermediate (58.2%) certainty. Only 9% were more (5.4%) or very (3.6%) uncertain.">
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                   <figcaption style="width:100%; font-color:#800000; margin-bottom:25px "><b>Figure 2: Knowledge on Synthetic Biology.</b><br/>  
                   <figcaption style="width:100%; font-color:#800000; margin-bottom:25px "><b>Figure 2: Knowledge on Synthetic Biology.</b><br/>  
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Following our talk evening addressing the question "On the Way to Synthetic Biology?", the audience was asked to estimate their knowledge on synthetic biology. 91% of the test group could define the term with great (32.7%) or intermediate (58.2%) certainty. Only 9% were more (5.4%) or very (3.6%) uncertain.
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Following our talk evening addressing the question "On the Way to a Synthetic Future?", the audience was asked to estimate their knowledge on synthetic biology. 91% of the test group could define the term with great (32.7%) or intermediate (58.2%) certainty. Only 9% were more (5.4%) or very (3.6%) uncertain.
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<a class="fancybox fancyGraphical" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/a/ac/Heidelberg_Survey_3.png" title="<b>Figure 3: Associations with the Term Synthetic Biology.</b><br/> Following our talk evening addressing the question 'On the Way to a Synthetic Future?', we captured what our audience associates with synthetic biology. Most people chose scientific options like 'Genetic Engineering' or 'Pharmaceutical Research' (shown in blue), which have indefinite connotations. Clearly negative terms like 'Biological Weapons', 'Killer Viruses' and 'Playing God' (shown in red) were only selected by a minority. Interestingly, nearly 50% of the audience associated aspects such as 'Environmentalism' and 'Alternative Energies' (shown in green).">
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                     <img style="width:100%; margin-bottom:10px; margin-top:30px; padding:1%; border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius: 5px;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/a/ac/Heidelberg_Survey_3.png"></img>
                   <figcaption style="width:100%; font-color:#800000; margin-bottom:25px "><b>Figure 3: Associations with the Term Synthetic Biology.</b><br/>  
                   <figcaption style="width:100%; font-color:#800000; margin-bottom:25px "><b>Figure 3: Associations with the Term Synthetic Biology.</b><br/>  
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Following our talk evening addressing the question "On the Way to Synthetic Biology?", we captured, what our audience associates with synthetic biology. Most people chose scientific options like "Genetic Engineering" or "Pharmaceutical Research" (shown in blue), which have indefinite connotations. Clearly negative terms like "Biological Weapons", "Killer Viruses" and "Playing God" (shown in red) were only selected by a minority. Interestingly, nearly 50% of the audience associated aspects such as "Environmentalism" and "Alternative Energies" (shown in green).
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Following our talk evening addressing the question "On the Way to a Synthetic Future?", we captured what our audience associates with synthetic biology. Most people chose scientific options like "Genetic Engineering" or "Pharmaceutical Research" (shown in blue), which have indefinite connotations. Clearly negative terms like "Biological Weapons", "Killer Viruses" and "Playing God" (shown in red) were only selected by a minority. Interestingly, nearly 50% of the audience associated aspects such as "Environmentalism" and "Alternative Energies" with the term synthetic biology (shown in green).
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We were able to put together an interesting and diverse <b><a href='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/d/dc/Heidelberg_Program_Talk_Evening.png'>program</a></b>:
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Following our talk evening, we captured what our audience associates with synthetic biology by asking them to chose from the options "Genetic Engineering", "Bioengineering", "Pharmaceutical Research", "Modeling", "Basic Research", "Biological Weapons", "Food", "Environmentalism", "Alternative Energies", "Killer Viruses", "Playing God" or else.
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<b><a href='https://2013.igem.org/File:Heidelberg_Introduction_to_Syntheitic_Biology.ppt'>Introduction to Synthetic Biology</a></b> by Philipp Walch from the <b><a hfre='https://2013.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg'>iGEM Team Heidelberg 2013</a></b>
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Most people selected "Genetic Engineering" (78.2%), "Bioengineering" (67.3%) or "Pharmaceutical Research" (61.8%) and "Modeling" (56.4%), which have indefinite connotations (shown in blue). Since we explicitly stated that synthetic biology can be seen as extended genetic engineering, the high number of selections is most probably attributed to this. "Pharmaceutical Research" however indicated the great hope people place in synthetic biology especially regarding yet uncurable diseases. The emphasis of the biomedical potential is less surprising, since the research in Heidelberg is clearly focused on medical fields and the local public is thus biased. Moreover, we pointed out the advantages our project could offer for drug research.
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<b>The New Creation – What We Could Expect from the Next 50 Years</b> by Olaf Fritsche, <b><a href='http://www.wissenschaftwissen.de/'>author and science journalist</a></b>
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Clearly negative terms like "Biological Weapons" (43.6%), "Killer Viruses" (25.4%) and "Playing God" (20%) (shown in red) were selected by an unexpected high number of people. As layed out before, our audience actively participed in our talk evening on the potenial of synthetic biology in the future. Many guests were also invited by the <b><a href='http://www.gbs-rhein-neckar.de/'>Secular Humanists Rhein Neckar</a></b>, a group of critical minds who meet regularly to discuss current issues. Therefore, they are most likely also sceptical towards potential risks of a powerful technology like synthetic biology. In contrast to that, nearly half of the participants associated aspects such as "Environmentalism" (36.4%) and "Alternative Energies" (34.5%) with synthetic biology (shown in green). Moreover, 43.6% ot the participants associate synthetic biology with "Food", most liekely due to the petri dish burger discussed by the author Olaf Fritsche during his talk.
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<b>Philosopher’s Stone</b> by Tania Christiansen and Sophie Rabe from the <b><a hfre='https://2013.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg'>iGEM Team Heidelberg 2013</a></b>
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<b>iGEMs – Unveil the Invisible</b> by Charlotte Bunne, biology student and member of the <b><a href='https://2012hs.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg_LSL'>iGEM High School Team 2012</a></b> from the <b><a href='https://www.life-science-lab.org/cms/'>Life Science Lab of the German Cancer Research Center</a></b>
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<b>Pitfalls of Decision</b> by Stefan Dewald, telecommunications engineer and member of the <b><a href='http://www.gbs-rhein-neckar.de/'>Secular Humanists Rhein Neckar</a></b>
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<b>Public Perception of Synthetic Biology</b> by Reinhard Heil from the <b><a href='http://www.itas.kit.edu/mitarbeiter_heil_reinhard.php'>Institute for Technology Assessment and System Analysis</a></b> at the <b><a href='http://www.kit.edu/english/index.php'>Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a></b>
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<b>Is Artificial Life an Invention of Mankind? – Hints to Resolve a Contradiction</b> by Rolf Kickuth, science journalist and publisher of <b><a href='http://www.clb.de/Home.html'>“Chemistry in Lab Biotechnology”</a></b>
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<b>Synthetic Biology meets Poetry</b> by Isabel Marleen Pötzsch, high school student, <b><a href='http://www.amazon.de/Synbio-meets-Poetry-passiert-Synthetische/dp/1492762288/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1381766941&sr=8-1&keywords=Synbio+meets+Poetry'>emerging author</a></b> and member of the <b><a href='https://www.life-science-lab.org/cms/'>Life Science Lab of the German Cancer Research Center</a></b>
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By establishing a common language and common basic knowledge on synthetic biology, we enabled everyone in the audience to fully understand the science. Our guests, <b>non-scientists like everyday citizens, students from local high-schools, parents and grandparents as well as scientists-to-be and scientists from different fields, participated lifely in controvercial discussions</b> with the lecturers, either by directly asking questions or by filling in the prepared question cards, which were then read out by our moderator <b>Alexandra Moosmann</b> from <b><a href='http://www.genius.de/en#/en'>genius science & communication</a></b>. To <b><a href='2013.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/HumanPractice/BroadPublic/Survey'>statistically analyze</a></b> our audience's optinion of snythetic biology, everyone was asked to fill in a short questionnaire. Following the talks, we invited the lecturers and our audience to engage in further discussion over snacks and refreshments.
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This data is generally consistant with the statistics on the public perception of synthetic biology as explained by Mr. Heil during his talk: According to the Eurobarometer 2010, synthetic biology is mainly associated with "Biotechnology", "Human enhancement", "Cloning of human" and "Green biotechnology". The two aspects "Human enhancement" and "Cloning of human" were of course discussed during the course of our talk evening but played only a minor role. This was most likely due to relativising statement of participating researchers.
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<a class="fancybox fancyGraphical" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/67/Heidelberg_Survey_4.png" title="<b>Figure 4: Potential of Synthetic Biology and Implications.</b><br/> Left: The audience was furthermore asked to draw conclusions on how to deal with our corporate social responsibility concerning the future development of synthetic biology. All people questioned recommend to invest more money in research (100% ++ and +, blue bars). Additionally, the majority demanded more public education (92.8% ++ and +, blue bars) and to make all knowledge public (75.9% ++ and +, green bars). At the same time, the audience was divided on whether to request more regulations for research (yellow bars). Yet, no one concluded that research activities should be stopped after all (100% - and - -, purple bars). Right: The analyzed test group was finally asked to evaluate the potential of synthetic biology. Nearly everyone was interested in synthetic biology (98%, ++ and +, blue bars) and considers the issue important (96.1% - and - -, green bars). 90% (++ 56.4% and + 34.5%, red bars) of the audience was confident that synthetic biology could solve the major challenges society is facing today. Interestingly, there were two different opinions on the controlability of synthetic biology in our group (yellow bars) and on potential risks (purple bars).">
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                   <figcaption style="width:100%; font-color:#800000; margin-bottom:25px "><b>Figure 4: Potential of Synthetic Biology and Implications.</b><br/>  
                   <figcaption style="width:100%; font-color:#800000; margin-bottom:25px "><b>Figure 4: Potential of Synthetic Biology and Implications.</b><br/>  
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<b>Right:</b> The analyzed test group was finally asked to evaluate the potential of synthetic biology. Nearly everyone was interested in synthetic biology (98%, ++ and +, blue bars) and considers the issue important (96.1% - and - -, green bars). 90% (++ 56.4% and + 34.5%, red bars) of the audience is confident that synthetic biology could solve the major challenges society is facing today. Interestingly, There are two different opinions on the controlability of synthetic biology in our group (yellow bars) and on potential risks (purple bars). <br/>
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<b>Left:</b> The audience was furthermore asked to draw conclusions on how to deal with our corporate social responsibility concerning the future development of synthetic biology. All people questioned recommend to invest more money in research (100% ++ and +, blue bars). Additionally, the majority demanded more public education (92.8% ++ and +, blue bars) and to make all knowledge public (75.9% ++ and +, green bars). At the same time, the audience was divided on whether to request more regulations for research (yellow bars). Yet, no one concluded that research activities should be stopped after all (100% - and - -, purple bars). <br/> <b>Right:</b> The analyzed test group was finally asked to evaluate the potential of synthetic biology. Nearly everyone was interested in synthetic biology (98%, ++ and +, blue bars) and considers the issue important (96.1% - and - -, green bars). 90% (++ 56.4% and + 34.5%, red bars) of the audience was confident that synthetic biology could solve the major challenges society is facing today. Interestingly, there were two different opinions on the controlability of synthetic biology in our group (yellow bars) and on potential risks (purple bars).  
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<b>Left:</b> The audience was furthermore asked to draw conclusions on our corporate social responsibility their future behaviour. All people questioned recommend to invest more money in research (100% ++ and +, blue bars). Additionally, the majority demands more public education (92.8% ++ and +, blue bars) and to make all knowledge public (75.9% ++ and +, green bars). At the same time, the audience was divided on whether to request more regulations for research (yellow bars). Yet, no oneconcluded that research activities should be stopped after all (100% - and - -, purple bars).
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We want to <b>improve communication between science and society</b>, based on a common language and common basic knowledge on the issue. Together with <b><a href='https://2012hs.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg_LSL'>last years high school iGEM Team from Heidelberg</a></b>, we held three open 1 hour presentations on synthetic biology and our iGEM projects followed by a question and answer session with the audience. More than 100 people from different backgrounds attended this interactive event. We collected valuable feedback by our “Live-Experiment”: We handed out questionnaires with three different questions, which was ansered by the audience in two parts. Before the main part of our talk, our guests were asked to answer only part 1, either the question “What is synthetic biology?” or “What do you think synthetic biology is?” – each individual could decide which one accounts better to his or her knowledge on synthetic biology. In our talk, we first gave a brief introduction to synthetic biology, explained the concepts of some iGEM projects and elaborated further on “The Philosopher’s Stone” – our own project, before <b><a href='https://2012hs.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg_LSL'>last years high school iGEM Team from Heidelberg</a></b> presented their project <b>iGEMs - Unveil the Invisible</b>. Finally, we gave our personal conclusion and outlook on our future with synthetic biology, i.e. opportunities and risks when implementing synthetic biology further into our lives. Before offering time for questions, we ended our presentation with the second part of our Live-Experiment. The latter two questions were: “What do you associate with synthetic biology?” and “Which questions remained unanswered?”. Here, we of course did not want to know, if the audience had listened to what we were presenting, but rather in which way our presentation had influenced their opinion on synthetic biology.
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The participants were finally asked to evaluate the potential of synthetic biology. Nearly everyone stated to be interested in synthetic biology (98%, ++ and +, blue bars) and considers the issue important (96.1% - and - -, green bars). The majority of 90% (++ 56.4% and + 34.5%, red bars) was furthermore confident that synthetic biology could solve many of the major challenges society is facing today. As pointed out above, these include pharmaceutical research, food, as well as the protection of the environment and alternative energy. Interestingly, the participants were aligned on two sides regarding the controlability of synthetic biology in our group (yellow bars). 21.9% (++ and +) doubted that society or researchers are able to fence the potential of syntehtic biology, whereas 77.8% (- and - -) are positive that we will be able to keep this technology under control. Consequently, there were different opinions on the potential risks of synthetic biology (purple bars). 46.3% (++ and +) are rather sceptical and consider synthetic biology to be dangerous, whereas 53.3%  (- and - -) consider to riscs associated with synthetic biology to be controllable.
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After our talk, many questions were addressed, concerning both the principles of synthetic biology in general and NRPS in particular. However, the vast majority of questions was not about understanding the biology behind “The Philosopher’s Stone”, but rather about the potentials of synthetic biology. Many of our guests pointed out their concerns regarding missing safety and regulation of synthetic biology. They strongly asked for more transparency and communication by scientists and industry. In contrast to that, many people underlined quite the opposite. The discussions following the presentations were highly interesting and revealed that the scepticism to synthetic biology is mainly based on a lack of knowledge compared to a black-box. Our task as young researchers is to bring light to the darkness, open the box and show society that synthetic biology – strongly abstracted – is building, not playing, with building bricks.
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The audience was furthermore asked to draw conclusions on how to ensure a corporate social responsibility in synthic biology research in the future. All people questioned recommend to invest more money in research (100% ++ and +, blue bars). Additionally, the majority demands more public education (92.8% ++ and +, blue bars) and to make all knowledge public (75.9% ++ and +, green bars). At the same time, the audience was divided on whether to request more regulations for research (yellow bars). Yet, no one concluded that research activities should be stopped after all (100% - and - -, purple bars).
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When analyzing our questionnaire experiment, the most positive and striking result was that people who had stated that they did not have any idea what synthetic biology exactly was prior to our talk, did not write down any “open questions” concerning the understanding, but rather ones highly stimulating the discussion. This and the feedback some people gave us directly, tells us, that they understood the main ideas of our project.
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In summary, the field of synthetic biology was attributed to harbor great potential, yet, the fact that we are unable to foresee possible risks of this new technology was clearly pointed out. One of the major demands of the audience was to promote the dialogue between science and society, by public talk evenings and panel discussions just like ours to allow direkt and personal communication. Another aspect was the question on how research can be regulated and who is in the position to do so. Of course, national and international legal frameworks limit every scientific action, which again, lie in the hand of the people. The presented data shows that the general public has a very heterogenous perception of synthetic biology.
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Furthermore, we were invited to the <b><a href='http://www.gbs-rhein-neckar.de/'>Secular Humanists Rhein Neckar</a></b>, a group of critical minds with a broad range of interests, such as ethics, philosophy, politics, natural sciences, who meet and discuss current issues. Their main focus is ethics, as many of them are philosophers, however, there are natural scientists, economists and linguists as well. This mix of characters, approaches and expertise made it both challenging to present the project appropriately (i.e. on a suitable level of abstraction) and highly exciting and productive for a discussion. After our 1-hour long talk, often interrupted by critical questions, we engaged in another 2 hours of discussion with the entire audience. Everyone was eager to ask explanatory to drilling questions and to give their opinion. The range of questions was, as indicated earlier, quite broad, ranging from “What exactly is the <i>sense</i> of your project?” to “Is synthetic biology at all controllable? If something has economic value, people won’t be able to control it, right?”.
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We also performed our Live-Experiment on the secular humanists, and when analyzing the feedback forms, it was clear that we had talked to philosophers: questions like “Is there anyone (or any institution) who has the authority to set legal boarders? And when is going further too far?” or “Isn't synthetic biology somehow a second industrial revolution? Only that the steam engines we're building have the ability to change when we're turning our backs on them?” remained unanswered. But although not all questions could be answered, we are very thrilled about the lively discussion and new food for thoughts for the further project.
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With <b>Mrs. Van Aaken</b>, who not only is a <b>pedagogue for environmental education</b>, but also <b>member of the BUND</b>, we talked about the impact of synthetic biology on environment and on our lives in general. We cannot foresee all consequences and the impact our actions will have for the future – which accounts for both, the interactions of our “creations” with different ecosystems as well as the impact of synthetic food or medicine on our bodies. The evaluation of possible risks arising from them has to be done according to the specific use of the synthetic product. Furthermore, we should return to our essential needs instead of the urge to pile up cheap goods and wealth at the expense of nature and the poor.
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Besides this general issue, we also considered the question whether synthetic biology is an artificial process or rather something natural. When interacting with the non-scientific public in general (see below), a common association to synthetic biology was “artificial”. However, we can ask whether synthetic biology actually is human-made artificial or accelerated natural evolution. Addressing these questions in the discussion with Mrs. Van Aaken lead us further in the very theory behind science in general, hence, what natural sciences really are, what nature is and whether our quest for knowledge and technological advance is part of human nature. These considerations opened up an entirely new point of view on what we as scientists-in-training were doing and hence, we thank Mrs. Van Aaken for broadening our horizon during this enlightening afternoon!
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Latest revision as of 00:53, 29 October 2013

Survey. What Society Thinks of Synthetic Biology.

The public opinion has great impact on the future of any new technology. Although research might be able to offer solutions for many of the challanges our society is currently facing, they depend on the approval and goodwill of the public to realize their ideas. Moreover, national and international legal frameworks limit every scientific action, which again, lie in the hand of the people. Thus, communication with a broader cross section of society plays a key role for the success of any scientific project. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. It is the meaningful exchange of information between two or more living creatures. To promote the dialogue with society, we organized a talk evening addressing the question "On the Way to a Synthetic Future?" in cooperation with the Biotechnological Students Initiative e.V.and the Helmholtz-Initiative for Synthetitic Biology, with more than 100 guests. Of course we were highly curious about our audience's opinion on synthetic biology and therefore asked our guests to give us feedback via a survey, in which 55 people took part. You can access our data here.

According to our survey, our audience shows a nearly perfectly balanced gender distribution (51% feamle, 49% male). The average test person was 23.7 years old, whereas women were slightly older than men (24.2 years compared to 23.3 years old). Pleasingly, we were able to reach nearly all ages: The youngest participants were 14 years old, the oldest a 72 years old gentleman. As one would expect, the distribution of degrees corresponded well with the average ages. The majority of our guests held a high school degree (60.0%, of these are 48.5% males, 51.5% are female). This is followed by the bachelor degree (20%) and the secondary school certificate ("middle school", 9.1%). Only a minority held a master degree or a PhD (both 5.4%).

By first established a common language and common basic knowledge on synthetic biology, we aimed to enable everyone in the audience to fully understand the science and the concept of synthetic biology. Following our talk evening, the audience was asked to estimate their knowledge on synthetic biology. 91% of the test group could define the term with great (32.7%) or intermediate (58.2%) certainty. Only 9% were more (5.4%) or very (3.6%) uncertain. These numbers mirror the great success of our talk evening on educating the public. Yet of course, the test group was not chosen randomly, but consisted of people who actively and intentionally attended a talk evening on the matter. Therefore, our data is most probably not representative and the high state of information also due to previous knowledge. According to the Eurobarometer 2010 presented by Reinhard Heil from the Institute for Technology Assessment and System Analysis at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology during the talk evening, only 18% of the european public have heard of synthetic biology. Of these, only a fraction could define the term.



Following our talk evening, we captured what our audience associates with synthetic biology by asking them to chose from the options "Genetic Engineering", "Bioengineering", "Pharmaceutical Research", "Modeling", "Basic Research", "Biological Weapons", "Food", "Environmentalism", "Alternative Energies", "Killer Viruses", "Playing God" or else.

Most people selected "Genetic Engineering" (78.2%), "Bioengineering" (67.3%) or "Pharmaceutical Research" (61.8%) and "Modeling" (56.4%), which have indefinite connotations (shown in blue). Since we explicitly stated that synthetic biology can be seen as extended genetic engineering, the high number of selections is most probably attributed to this. "Pharmaceutical Research" however indicated the great hope people place in synthetic biology especially regarding yet uncurable diseases. The emphasis of the biomedical potential is less surprising, since the research in Heidelberg is clearly focused on medical fields and the local public is thus biased. Moreover, we pointed out the advantages our project could offer for drug research.

Clearly negative terms like "Biological Weapons" (43.6%), "Killer Viruses" (25.4%) and "Playing God" (20%) (shown in red) were selected by an unexpected high number of people. As layed out before, our audience actively participed in our talk evening on the potenial of synthetic biology in the future. Many guests were also invited by the Secular Humanists Rhein Neckar, a group of critical minds who meet regularly to discuss current issues. Therefore, they are most likely also sceptical towards potential risks of a powerful technology like synthetic biology. In contrast to that, nearly half of the participants associated aspects such as "Environmentalism" (36.4%) and "Alternative Energies" (34.5%) with synthetic biology (shown in green). Moreover, 43.6% ot the participants associate synthetic biology with "Food", most liekely due to the petri dish burger discussed by the author Olaf Fritsche during his talk.

This data is generally consistant with the statistics on the public perception of synthetic biology as explained by Mr. Heil during his talk: According to the Eurobarometer 2010, synthetic biology is mainly associated with "Biotechnology", "Human enhancement", "Cloning of human" and "Green biotechnology". The two aspects "Human enhancement" and "Cloning of human" were of course discussed during the course of our talk evening but played only a minor role. This was most likely due to relativising statement of participating researchers.

The participants were finally asked to evaluate the potential of synthetic biology. Nearly everyone stated to be interested in synthetic biology (98%, ++ and +, blue bars) and considers the issue important (96.1% - and - -, green bars). The majority of 90% (++ 56.4% and + 34.5%, red bars) was furthermore confident that synthetic biology could solve many of the major challenges society is facing today. As pointed out above, these include pharmaceutical research, food, as well as the protection of the environment and alternative energy. Interestingly, the participants were aligned on two sides regarding the controlability of synthetic biology in our group (yellow bars). 21.9% (++ and +) doubted that society or researchers are able to fence the potential of syntehtic biology, whereas 77.8% (- and - -) are positive that we will be able to keep this technology under control. Consequently, there were different opinions on the potential risks of synthetic biology (purple bars). 46.3% (++ and +) are rather sceptical and consider synthetic biology to be dangerous, whereas 53.3% (- and - -) consider to riscs associated with synthetic biology to be controllable.

The audience was furthermore asked to draw conclusions on how to ensure a corporate social responsibility in synthic biology research in the future. All people questioned recommend to invest more money in research (100% ++ and +, blue bars). Additionally, the majority demands more public education (92.8% ++ and +, blue bars) and to make all knowledge public (75.9% ++ and +, green bars). At the same time, the audience was divided on whether to request more regulations for research (yellow bars). Yet, no one concluded that research activities should be stopped after all (100% - and - -, purple bars).

In summary, the field of synthetic biology was attributed to harbor great potential, yet, the fact that we are unable to foresee possible risks of this new technology was clearly pointed out. One of the major demands of the audience was to promote the dialogue between science and society, by public talk evenings and panel discussions just like ours to allow direkt and personal communication. Another aspect was the question on how research can be regulated and who is in the position to do so. Of course, national and international legal frameworks limit every scientific action, which again, lie in the hand of the people. The presented data shows that the general public has a very heterogenous perception of synthetic biology.

Thanks to